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###### tags: `Data Base` # 第十一章: Relational Database Design II ## Design Goals - Lossless join property - Dependency preservation property ## Relational Decompostions - Universal Relation Schema: - 一個包含所有 DB 的 attribute 的 relation schema R = {$A_1,A_2,...,A_n$} - Universal relation assumption: - 所有 attribute 的名子都唯一 - Relational Decomposition: - 利用 FD 使各個被分解的 relation schema 變成 relational dependencies - Attribute preservation condition - 任何 Attriubute 都少有在 decomposition relation schema R<small>i</small> 中,保證沒有丟失 ## Dependency Preservation - 定義: 在不同資料表中的 FD 包含於原本大的 FD 之中 - 性質: 如果把 projections of F 的每一個 $R_i$ 聯集起來並等價於 F, $D =\{R_1, R_2,...,R_m\}$ of R 是 dependency-preserving。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/7KkG2UL.png) - Claim 1: 在 3NF 中,可以在每個 $R_i$ 找到 dependency-preserving decompositnio D with repect to F ## Testing for Dependency Preservation - 檢查 $\alpha -> \beta$ 有沒有在 decomposition of R into $R_1,R_2,...,R_m$ 裡面,可透過演算法達到: --- result = $\alpha$ while(change to result)do \\當 result 不變時結束 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for each $R_i$ in the decomposition \\對每個 decomposition 做檢查 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t = (result $\cap R_i$) $\cap R_i$ \\取 result $\cap\ R_i\ \cap R_i$ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;result = result $\cup$ t ![](https://i.imgur.com/oFdr54q.png) --- 如果 result 包含 attribute $\beta$, 則 functional dependency $\alpha -> \beta$ 有 preserved ## Lossless Join - Definition: 把 decompostion 的各個 R 做 natuaral join 後等於原先的 R,則為 Lossless join - ![](https://i.imgur.com/4cjg2An.png) ## Algorithm for RDB Design - Finding Minimal Cover - 先把右手邊有一個以上的 FD 拆成一個 - 觀察有沒有 transitive - 合併 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/LxFhd3D.png) ## Algorithms for RDB Design - Key Determination 1. Set K = R; 2. For each attribute A in K{ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Compute (K - A) 的 FD &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;如果 (K - A) 的 FD 能推導所有 R 的 attributes 將 K = K - {A} } ## Relatiobal Decomposition into BCNF 1. 找出主鍵相依於其他主鍵的 key 2. 將該鍵拆出另一個表來製作該 key 的 FD ![](https://i.imgur.com/FEmh4IG.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/9c667Ld.png) ## BCNF and Dependency Preservation - R = (J,K,L) - F = {JK->L, L->K} - Two candidate keys = JK and JL - R 不是 BCNF - 無論如何分解都會失去 preserve of JK -> L(是 JK->L 的 subset) ## Comparison of BCNF and 3NF - 可以 decompose a relation into a set of relations 成 3NF - decomposition 是 lossless - dependencies 是 preserved - 可以 decompose a relation into a set of relations 成 BCNF - decomposition 是 lossless - 有可能沒有全部的 preserve dependencies ## Design Goals - Relational database design 的目標: - BCNF - Lossless join - Dependaency preservation - 如果不能達成則: - 做到 3NF - 缺少 dependency preservation

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