地科培訓筆記
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

      Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

      Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

      Explore these features while you wait
      Complete general settings
      Bookmark and like published notes
      Write a few more notes
      Complete general settings
      Write a few more notes
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights New
    • Engagement control
    • Make a copy
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Note Insights Versions and GitHub Sync Sharing URL Help
Menu
Options
Engagement control Make a copy Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

    Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Explore these features while you wait
    Complete general settings
    Bookmark and like published notes
    Write a few more notes
    Complete general settings
    Write a few more notes
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       Owned this note    Owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    1
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    ###### tags: `地球物理` # 地磁(geomagnetic) ## 為何行星具有磁場? 行星要形成磁場,必須具備三條件: - 有大量導電流體 - 有流體運動的能量來源 - 要旋轉 ### 發電機理論(主流) 以地球為例,透過地震波探測發現,地球外核為液態流動的金屬(以鐵為主),其流速大約每年10公里,黏滯性約與水差不多。因此構成第一個條件,有大量導電流體。 由於地核的溫度、壓力極大,加上地球正在冷卻,外核也慢慢固結釋放潛熱,並離析出較輕的物質,使地球內部呈現底部熱,頂端冷的狀態,造成浮力驅使地核熱對流(密度低的鐵上升,碰到溫度低的地函後,喪失部分熱能使液態鐵冷卻因而下沉,如此反覆形成對流。)此對流能夠提供大量的能量(熱能+化學能)。 又由於地球會自轉,因此地球也具備第三個條件,會旋轉。而地球自轉使得地核內部的對流運動方式更複雜,流動的電會產生磁場。此現象為正回饋作用,只需一點點的電流即可產生磁場,透過磁生電電生磁的原理,便可一直產生磁場。將每一個粒子的旋轉方向所產生的磁場方向總和便可得到現今地球總磁場方向。 ### 潮汐力理論 由於月球的潮汐力會拉扯地球,使地球產生形變,造成外核與內核持續摩擦,產生相當可觀的電流與能量。加上地球自轉,具備行星形成磁場的三條件,故藉此推論地球產生磁場的原因。 此理論更藉由太陽系其他行星驗證,如 : 水星沒有衛星,因此水星的磁場十分微弱。 ## 名詞定義 ### 地磁磁極 現今地球的磁力線分布為北方S極(地磁北極),南方N極(地磁南極)。磁力線由N極射出,S極射入。 若將地球內部磁場視作一個大磁棒,稱為「磁軸」。磁軸與地球自轉軸相差11.5度,且沒有經過地心,表示磁南極並不在磁北極的對蹠點。 根據地球外部磁力線的分布,我們所量測到的地球磁場是順著磁力線方向的,因此不一定會平行於地面,也不一定會指向真正的地理北極或南極,因而訂出一些名詞(磁傾角、磁偏角)描述此類現象。 ### 磁傾角 磁力線與當地水平面的夾角。會隨緯度變化,緯度越高,磁傾角越大。北半球射入地表(正值),南半球射出地表(負值)。 ### 磁偏角 磁極方向與地理極點方向的夾角。因所在地而異。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/faiUQ70.png) 【圖一:磁傾角與磁偏角表示】: F為所量測之磁場方向,H為磁極方向,D為磁偏角,I為磁傾角。 reference: [磁力測勘法](https://tec.earth.sinica.edu.tw/geoclass/classfile/7Geomagnetic.pdf) ### 磁場強度 磁場強度的常用單位包括高斯(G)和奈特斯拉(nT),互換公式為1G = 100,000 nT, 1T = 1Wb/m^2^。一個奈特斯拉亦稱伽馬(γ)。而地磁場的強度在25,000至65,000 nT(0.25至0.65 G)之間,是非常微弱的。 :::warning Q1:試問地球磁場強度隨緯度的變化趨勢? >A: ::: ## 地磁變化 ### 短期變化(數秒~數天) 較短的變化主要來自電離層和磁層中電流的日常波動和磁暴(詳細部分在「磁層」章節做說明)。而時長在一年左右的變化則會反映地球內部的變化,特別是富含鐵的內核。 ### 長期變化(數年~數百萬年) 隨著時間長期的變化,地磁磁極可能會受到地球內部磁場變化的影響而稍稍偏移原本的位置(某一大陸的磁極位置按其時代順序相連,就得到一條連續路線,最後的終點就是現在的磁極位置。這條連線名叫磁極移動路線(Polar Wandering Path))。 關於此說的觀察與論證,是假設地磁磁極不動,而大陸有相對的移動才會造成此現象,否則以現今地球內部動力學的推論,磁極不可能做這麼規律的移動,且若大陸沒有移動,則各大陸的磁極點移動軌跡應一致,但實際觀測到並不是如此。因此也間接證明了大陸漂移學說是正確的。 此外,若在短時間內發生磁極大幅移動,則可能發生地磁反轉現象。 ### 地磁反轉 #### 1.發現 首先,地球內部岩漿固化後所形成的火成岩,可能因結晶速率不同而產生孔洞。藉此,若一些磁性物質填充進去,則在地磁的影響之下,磁性物質會按照磁極方向排列,且在溫度降至居禮溫度以下時,磁性會被永久保存。因此我們可藉由此排列情形推算當時的磁傾角、磁偏角及磁極方向為何。進一步發現大西洋中洋脊兩側地磁異常的現象。 #### 2.影響 地球外核流體運動的改變,可能是地磁反轉的原因之一,而地磁在反轉的時候,可能會伴隨磁場減弱,磁場方向不一致的現象。我們藉由此現象推得海底擴張速率,以及地磁反轉時間的變化。 :::success ***延伸資料:[地磁](https://www.eq.ccu.edu.tw/lab/lab105/public_html/members/master/87/alife_earth/magnetic.htm)*** ::: ## 磁層 ## ::: success ***延伸資料:[地球磁場與磁層](https://irsl.ss.ncu.edu.tw/media/course/106%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC2%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%9F%E8%BC%94%E4%BB%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86/%E7%AC%AC3%E7%AB%A0-%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4%E8%88%87%E7%A3%81%E5%B1%A4.pdf)*** :::

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password
    or
    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via X(Twitter) Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    By signing in, you agree to our terms of service.

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully