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    # 物件 ## 一、物件的定義方式 物件的定義方式分為兩種,物件實字與物件建構式 <pre> var obj = {} // 物件實字 Object Literals var obj = new Obj{} // 物件建構式 </pre> <br> ## 二、變數與物件屬性的差異 用宣告方式定義的變數,會直接賦值給 window。 而在全域環境下直接新增,則是以屬性的方式新增在 window 底下,並不是變數。 <pre> var a = 1 // 宣告定義變數等於 window.a b = 2 // 以屬性方式賦予等於 window.b </pre> 而兩者不同在於:<font color="red">**屬性可以被刪除,但變數不行**</font> 因此使用 delete 來查看兩者差別,刪除過後 a 依然存在,而 b 會變成 not defined ```javascript= delete a // false 不能被刪除 delete b // true 可以被刪除 console.log(a, b) // 1 // b is not defined ``` <br> ## 三、未定義的物件屬性預設值 :::info 在 JavaScript 物件下,如果查找一個未定義的物件屬性,會回傳 **undefined** 的結果,而在 undefined 上也不能新增任何屬性 ::: ```javascript= var obj = { a: 1 } console.log(obj.b) // undefined obj.b.c = 2 // Cannot set property 'c' of undefined ``` 要解決這個問題有兩種方法: 1. 事先定義好物件結構 2. 若無法事先定義結構,則可以使用定義物件的方式來新增屬性 ```javascript= obj.b = { c: 2 } console.log(obj.b.c) // 2 ``` <br> ## 四、Call by Reference 和 Call by Sharing ### 傳值呼叫 Call by Value 一般在傳值的時候,會直接把值賦予給變數,而每個變數的記憶體都是各自獨立的。 因此以下範例來說,雖然把 a 賦值給 b,但因為記憶體各自獨立,所以就算把 b 重新賦值,也不會影響 a 變數的結果。 ```javascript= var a = 1 var b = a b = 2 console.log(a, b) // 1, 2 ``` ### 傳參照呼叫 Call by Reference 傳參照又可稱為 **傳參考**,相較於傳值是直接賦值,傳參照是傳 **「記憶體的位址」**,也就是 **「傳址」**。 在維基百科的 [求值策略](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E5%80%BC%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5#%E4%BC%A0%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8) 裡說明: > 傳遞給函式的是它的實際參數的隱式參照而不是實參的拷貝。 > 通常函式能夠修改這些參數(比如賦值),而且改變對於呼叫者是可見的。 在其他程式語言能夠使用傳參照的方式傳遞資料,而在 JavaScript 只有物件(包含函式、陣列)有類似的概念。 簡單來說,傳參考傳的是記憶體位置,因此如果把 a 物件賦予給 b 變數,接著再改變 b 變數的物件屬性,那麼 a 物件因為使用同樣的記憶體,所以也會跟著改變結果。 ```javascript= var a = { x: 1 } var b = a b.x = 2 console.log(a === b) // true ``` 詳細說明可參考 [物件傳參考](/DvB-WdoORpSBG5qxQkYxBQ) ### 傳共享物件呼叫 Call by Sharing Call by Sharing 在維基百科裡面說明: > 對於呼叫者而言在被呼叫函數裡修改參數是沒有影響的。 > 如果要達成傳參照呼叫的效果就需要傳一個共享物件,一旦被呼叫者修改了物件,呼叫者就可以看到變化(因為物件是共享的,沒有拷貝)。 先看以下範例,這是一個傳參考的概念,把 ming 物件帶進函式後,在函式內更改了 name 屬性,也會影響到全域底下的 ming 物件。 簡單來說,Call by Sharing 就是把物件共享傳入函式內,並可以在函式內修改共享物件屬性的概念。 ```javascript= function changeName(person) { person.name = '大明' return person } var ming = { name: '小明' } changeName(ming) console.log(ming.name) // 大明 ``` 但是如果在函式裡面對 ming 修改物件屬性,此時因為重新指向的關係,物件的關聯性就會消失,在函式內的物件會產生新的記憶體空間成為獨立的物件,並且不會修改全域底下 ming 物件的內容。 ```javascript= function changeName(person) { person = { name: '阿明' } return person } var ming = { name: '小明' } changeName(ming) console.log(ming.name) // 小明 ``` <br> ## 五、陣列 JavaScript 分為 **原始型別** 和 **物件型別**,陣列是屬於物件型別的其中一種,但是和物件的使用方式還是有些不同。 陣列的定義方式是使用 **陣列實字** ``` var array = [] ``` 陣列可以在裡面插入任何型別,如果要插入新的值,可以使用 `push()` 方法來新增值。 * **陣列增加屬性** 這邊要特別注意,物件可以隨意增加屬性,但是如果 **直接對陣列增加屬性**,新增的屬性 **不屬於陣列裡面的值**,也就 **不會改變陣列長度**。 ```javascript= var array = [1, '2', { a: 3 }] array.b = 4 console.log(array) // 0: 1 // 1: "2" // 2: {a: 3} // b: 4 // 新增的 b 不屬於陣列的值,也沒有索引值 // length: 3 // 新增 b 後也不不會改變陣列長度 ``` * **跳序新增資料** 而如果陣列跳序新增資料,則會自動補上 **empty** 空的陣列內容,實際上在取值也會是 **undefined** 的狀態 ```javascript= var array = [1, 2, 3] array[4] = 5 array[5] = 6 console.log(array) // [1, 2, 3, empty, 5, 6] console.log(array[3]) // undefined ``` --- ## 參考資料 * [JavaScript 核心篇](https://www.hexschool.com/courses/js-core.html)

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