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    # WeatherBox 2.0微氣象站2.0 應用(理論計算) # 蒸發散量 ## 起因 土表和植物表面之蒸發散量 (FAO-56 ET estimation),可作為農業澆水之推算依據 但中央氣象局各地 weather open data 只有部分觀測站才有,而且不少都是錯誤數值 類似的服務有 State Climate Office of North Carolina ,但是台灣地形變化大,需要更多觀測點 http://climate.ncsu.edu/ET_climo2.php?month=+&day=+&monthly=07&unit=mm ![2002-2009 Estimated Reference Evapotranspiration Climatology](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_AC5D9B9E0DB71AA4E4AC77BCD3808FA113216CBC1FBFEB6C2C8C4094BC40E6DF_1499136837880_Screen+Shot+2017-07-04+at+10.53.30+AM.png) ---------- **能量收支等式:** ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_CC699E1F2AE381BC481D22EA07CDB7CB5F7C430B89445DE6BE7F2D61E2917982_1502615876169_file.png) Rn = Net radiation(淨輻射) SW = Short-wave radiation (~290-700 nm) (短波輻射,主要來自太陽光) LW = Long-wave radiation (~700-2500 nm) (長波輻射,主要來自黑體輻射(註1)) H = Sensible heat (可感熱,相當於我們直接感受到的熱呼呼的熱) λE = Latent heat(潛熱,水由液態轉變成氣態時所帶走的熱) G = Ground heat (地熱,地表以下所吸收的熱,斤斤計較或是算夜間黑體輻射的時候才會計算) P = Photosynthesis heat (光合作用吸收掉的熱,在Rn的比例中極低,計算時通常可忽略) 註1,絕對溫度不等於0的物質都會釋放黑體輻射,意即雲朵、空氣、懸浮微粒、麻雀、小狗、人,都會釋放黑體輻射 ## **潛熱公式:** ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_CC699E1F2AE381BC481D22EA07CDB7CB5F7C430B89445DE6BE7F2D61E2917982_1502615552266_file.png) Penman-Monteith equation Δ ≅ 0.145 (kPa °C-1) around 20 °C Rn-G = SW+LW ρ = 1.204 (kg m-3) Cp = 1010 (J kg-1 °C-1) γ = 0.0658 (kPa °C-1) **蒸氣壓公式:** ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_CC699E1F2AE381BC481D22EA07CDB7CB5F7C430B89445DE6BE7F2D61E2917982_1502617057697_file.png) es(Ta) = 大氣飽和蒸汽壓 (大氣蒸氣壓的飽和上限,根據Ta大氣溫度決定) ea(Td) = 大氣蒸氣壓 (根據Td露點溫度決定,可由RH相對溼度計算得知) es(Ts) = 地表飽和蒸汽壓(根據Ts地表溫度決定) T = °C **大氣阻力公式:** ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_CC699E1F2AE381BC481D22EA07CDB7CB5F7C430B89445DE6BE7F2D61E2917982_1502617475116_file.png) z = h = Height (測量高度,大約冠層高的1.5-2倍即可) d ≅ 0.65h(零面修正量) zm ≅ 0.1h(粗糙長度) u(z) = Wind speed at h **氣孔阻力公式:** ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_CC699E1F2AE381BC481D22EA07CDB7CB5F7C430B89445DE6BE7F2D61E2917982_1502617918549_file.png) Gc = 氣孔導度(可以借儀器測量,或是查詢文獻) **蒸發量公式:** ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_CC699E1F2AE381BC481D22EA07CDB7CB5F7C430B89445DE6BE7F2D61E2917982_1502615676928_file.png) Lv = 2449 (J g-1) (水的蒸發熱) **計算蒸發散量的總結測量項目:** Rn-G (全日照輻射SW+LW) RH(相對溼度) Ta(大氣溫度) Ts(表面溫度) u(z)(在特定高度的風速) Gc(氣孔導度) ## $$ET_{0}$$ reference evapotranspiration *UN FAO-56* > 以下為討論 $$ET_{0}$$ 等式右邊的parameter如何取得(測量or計算or推算) ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_87D5484FFAEBC60F6E095406B3D1B58BDD455E5C40DC0A25DB960CA6CBC7AACD_1499852123435_image.png) Rn net radiation at the crop surface [MJ m-2 day-1], - 輻射量 sensor - 需確定是要偵測來自太陽的, 還是地球,取決於波段 G soil heat flux density [MJ m-2 day-1], - 兩點不同高度地表溫度,係數有table可使用 [ ] 兩點實際高度為多少,還尚未知道 寄信問 paper 作者 - 用溫度sensor量測高度-10cm和-20cm並計算溫度垂直梯度即可 - T air temperature at 2 m height [°C], u2 wind speed at 2 m height [m s-1], - 要有風向,風速sensor esw saturation vapour pressure [kPa], ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_87D5484FFAEBC60F6E095406B3D1B58BDD455E5C40DC0A25DB960CA6CBC7AACD_1499852343061_image.png) - 溫度sensor可算 ew actual vapour pressure [kPa], - 空氣濕度可推算 esw - ew saturation vapour pressure deficit [kPa], D slope vapour pressure curve [kPa °C-1], ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_87D5484FFAEBC60F6E095406B3D1B58BDD455E5C40DC0A25DB960CA6CBC7AACD_1500614963880_image.png) - 可由上面值進行推算 g psychrometric constant [kPa °C-1]. - 已知常數 ## 其他sensor **雨量感測器** 關鍵字:自計式雨量計 **大氣壓力** **GPS** ## 氣象設備基礎知識 http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7/knowledge/encyclopedia/in_all.htm ---------- 2. ## 相關問題(Implementation) [x] 市場上的氣象站,有哪些感測項目? - https://www.wunderground.com/weatherstation/buyingguide.asp [x] 儀器長期維護校正與維修,需氣象和儀器專業人員協助? 精準度是否符合應用? - 拿旁附近的氣象站校正 - 買一台 davis weather station 比對校政 [x] 輻射測量感應器(solar radiation sensor)的可偵測波段範圍? - Davis Solar Radiation Sensor http://www.davisnet.com/product/solar-radiation-sensor/ - Docs http://www.davisnet.com/product_documents/weather/spec_sheets/6450_SS.pdf - 是這個?Spectral Response (10% points) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 to 1100 nanometers (可見光波段,OK) [x] 各種sensor的取樣頻率? - 程式可以控制 [ ] GPS sensor 可以拿到什麼資料?只有定位或還有載波的資訊? (相對次要) [ ] 需查 Spec ---------- # Schedule — Definition of Done : 如何驗收、定義何謂完成 — Milestone:什麼時間完成什麼事情 ## 期望目標 1. 觀測:自製氣象站計算 ETo - status: Doing - result [ ] a.先Survey其他做過 DIY 氣象站的資料,歸納需 **注意或高風險的部分** [ ] → 高風險:被風吹走,潮濕,漏水 [ ] b.硬體材料 Survey 、統整購買與成本計算 - 詳細參考 [+微型氣象站2.0&田間感測器3.0協作文件](https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/2.03.0-FqCafSTDXGX4P0qK4JHDD) a. Survey其他DIY專案 http://www.instructables.com/howto/Automatic+Weather+Station/ **Arduino GPRS Weather Station (目前看起來最專業)** - http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-GPRS-Weather-Station-Part-1/ - http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-GPRS-Weather-Station-Part-2-Upgraded-Wind-/ - http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-GPRS-Weather-Station-Part-3-Hardware-Upgra/ Sensor 部分 - 空氣溫度 X 5 ( 3個備用品 + 2個實際使用 + 1個擴充) - 輻射強度sensor (1個實際使用 + 1個備用品) - 自製輻射計 http://www.anotherpower.com/board/index.php?topic=1118.0 - 自計式雨量儀 (1個實際使用) - 大氣壓力sensor (1個實際使用) - 風速風向儀 (1個實際使用) - 自製超音波風速計 https://soldernerd.com/arduino-ultrasonic-anemometer/ - GPS Chip (1個實際使用+1個備用品) 詳細系統設計 - [+微型氣象站2.0&田間感測器3.0協作文件](https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/2.03.0-FqCafSTDXGX4P0qK4JHDD) - [+田間感測器3.0系統設計規劃書](https://paper.dropbox.com/doc/3.0-MnFafyFAERa3wtaMmn0zq) 台灣氣象觀測器材廠商: - http://www.nijin.com.tw/ 安裝腳架 1. 角鋼自組腳架(優點:風阻小,可固定多樣裝置,自由度高;缺點:組裝耗時) - 不鏽鋼角鋼自行組裝(在台北買過20公分50元的價格) - 3mm鋼索(1公尺35元) - 3mm鋼索夾(忘記價格了) - 28公分營釘(1支28元) - 不鏽鋼縮緊器(張開最長約20公分的,1支約120元) 2. 訂做不鏽鋼腳架(優點:快速使用;缺點:粉貴貴貴…) 2. 模式分析:NOAA NCEP FNL analysis - status: Doing - result: 3. 預報:(等待收集1年資料後,才有辦法進行) - status: Pending 4. 資訊視覺化軟體介面(可能是手機app) - status: Pending # 應用論文 A Web Application for Managing Regional Crop Production: The West Texas Mesonet Agro-Climate Monitor - https://www.crops.org/science-news/online-climate-data-benefits-producers - https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj/abstracts/109/4/1602 Irrigation based on $$ET_{0}$$ - A general algorithm for automated scheduling of drip irrigation in tree crops ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_AC5D9B9E0DB71AA4E4AC77BCD3808FA113216CBC1FBFEB6C2C8C4094BC40E6DF_1500297675855_Screen+Shot+2017-07-17+at+9.08.45+PM.png) ![](https://d2mxuefqeaa7sj.cloudfront.net/s_AC5D9B9E0DB71AA4E4AC77BCD3808FA113216CBC1FBFEB6C2C8C4094BC40E6DF_1500297728241_Screen+Shot+2017-07-17+at+9.08.34+PM.png) # # 參考專案討論 ## 國外最有名的氣象站 只需要買硬體,申請帳號資料直接往雲端送,直接可用 Personal Weather Station Network https://www.wunderground.com/weatherstation/overview.asp What is a Personal Weather Station? https://www.wunderground.com/weatherstation/whatispws.asp Personal Weather Station Buying Guide https://www.wunderground.com/weatherstation/buyingguide.asp Personal Weather Station Hardware and Software https://www.wunderground.com/weatherstation/hardwareandsoftware.asp?MR=1 # 其他潛在應用 2. 全年太陽輻射強度觀測,評估該地使用太陽能發電之可行性,提供資訊幫助規劃 **太陽能板面積** 與 **電瓶容量** (針對無台電電力供應的偏遠地區農業溫室,設法達成能源自主) ---------- 3. ground based GPS氣象應用的可行性(能觀測到溼度垂直剖面) 利用溫溼剖面建立一維雲模式估算未來的可降水量或甚至估算未來的降水(前提:能觀測到垂直剖面) ex: GPS訊號延時估算可降水量或下載及時NCEP FNL分析場進行估算亦或退而拿板橋探空替代 後者我在研究上有經驗(但缺乏operation/自動化經驗) ---------- 4. 架站一段時間後可進行的資料分析及預報 氣候統計、氣候預報(傅立葉)、地表粗糙度估算、輻射收支、熱通量計算、水氣通量計算、動量通量計算 ## 參考別人的應用 [ ] http://climate.ncsu.edu/products # 潛在合作的對象 台大生工所謝正義 中研院林子皓獨立博士後研究員 (未來拆成另一個獨立計畫) 台灣聲景監測計畫(提供一種新的觀測方式,包含生態與環境) https://sway.com/pnEXDtfrumMf6nh4?ref=Link&loc=play # 市民農園提案 此部份包含 - 計畫執行策略(Proposal) - 利害關係(Give & Take) - 合作連結 1. 計畫初期目標為?預計時間多久? [ ] 內部自行討論 2. 佔用設備與地方? - 電源 - 資材室 3. 對市民農園帶來的價值 - 國內首個自備微氣站的市民農園,送 credit 給農會 (P.S. 我想要曝光機會) - 提供農友簡易資訊 → 如果是非常零散的市民農園,這樣小尺度的氣象站資訊,可能沒辦法反映出來市民農園的微氣候調節能力,因此在與農園的人打交道時,可能要先釐清我們的氣象站能帶來的價值主要著重在哪個部分,例如可能會是幫忙監測氣溫濕度風速與澆灌之間的拿捏,如果農園的人提出這個農園是否能夠調節微氣候,這時候的回應必須很謹慎保守的說明「不確定」,但也就可以利用這個「不確定」來加以推廣(ㄊㄨㄟㄒㄧㄠ)架設氣象站「也許」可以收集到許多我們「還不確定的市民農園的價值」 風險 - 農園園長一段時間會改選,不確定後續是否能延續 ( - 維護成本 ## 使用者 誰是我們都 使用者? 市民農園農民(需包含GUI介面)

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