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    ## 均線介紹 均線(Moving Average,簡稱 MA) 是技術分析中最基礎且最重要的指標之一。簡單來說,它代表過去一段時間內市場的「平均成交價格」,常被視為市場投資人的「平均成本」。 透過均線,我們可以過濾掉每日價格的隨機波動,看清股價或資產的主要趨勢方向。 之後會依序介紹其他 MA。 ## 均線的基本原理 均線是將過去 N 天的收盤價加總,再除以 N。 假設過去 N 天的每一天對於預測未來都具有同等的重要性。無論是昨天的收盤價,還是 19 天前的收盤價,對 SMA 來說貢獻度是一模一樣的(權重皆為 $1/N$) 例子: 5日均線 (5MA) 就是將「過去 5 天的收盤價相加除以 5」。 意義: 這條線上的數值,代表最近 5 天買進的人,平均持有的成本是多少 圖中為 MA9 和 MA21 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJspwkxVbx.png) 可以在 Tradingview自行找尋喜歡的指標做測試 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJxAdJlEWe.png) ## 運作機制 $$SMA_t = \frac{P_t + P_{t-1} + \dots + P_{t-N+1}}{N}$$ SMA 每天數值的變動,並不僅僅取決於「今天的價格」,還取決於「N天前那個要被踢出去的價格」。 我們可以用遞迴公式來表示: $$SMA_{今天} = SMA_{昨天} + \frac{P_{今天} - P_{N天前}}{N}$$ * 助漲: 只有當 $P_{今天} > P_{N天前}$ 時,SMA 才會上升。 * 助跌: 只有當 $P_{今天} < P_{N天前}$ 時,SMA 才會下降。 * 干擾: 假設今天股價大漲,但 N 天前也是大漲(且漲幅更大),SMA 數值反而會下跌。這就是所謂的「扣抵效應」,也是 SMA 最大的雜訊來源。 由於所有數據權重相等,SMA 的「重心」位於時間窗口的正中間。 滯後天數: $\frac{N-1}{2}$ 換句話說,當你看 20日均線時,你看到的『趨勢』其實是 10天前 的重心。這就是為什麼當股價V型反轉時,SMA 總是慢半拍才掉頭。 ## 為什麼均線可以產生交易訊號? 為什麼一條簡單的平均線能產生交易訊號?這涉及市場心理學。 1. 成本錨定 (Anchoring) * 當股價回落至 SMA(平均成本)附近時,之前沒買到的人會覺得「價格合理了」而進場,持有者會覺得「沒賺沒賠不想賣」,這種集體心理形成了支撐 (Support)。 3. 慣性與趨勢 (Inertia) * SMA 濾除了每日雜訊,呈現出價格的「慣性方向」。 * 斜率 (Slope): SMA 的斜率代表趨勢的強弱。斜率越陡,趨勢越強(動能大);斜率走平,代表多空力道平衡(進入盤整)。 3. 回歸均值 (Mean Reversion) * 當價格偏離 SMA 過遠(正乖離過大),隱含獲利回吐賣壓,是短空訊號。 ## 如何使用均線? 1. 葛蘭碧八大法則 (Granville's 8 Rules) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1aSnJgVWx.png) * 突破: 均線走平或翻揚,股價放量突破均線 -> 買點 1 (趨勢啟動)。 * 回測不破: 股價跌破均線但均線仍上揚,隨後股價很快站回 -> 買點 2 (假跌破)。 * 支撐: 股價回檔觸碰上揚的均線但未跌破 -> 買點 3 (標準回檔買點)。 * 乖離過大: 股價暴跌遠離均線 -> 買點 4 (搶反彈,風險高)。 賣點 1~4 則是上述邏輯的相反(如圖所示) 1. 預判「扣抵值」 預判「扣抵值」 (The Deduction)這是主力視角的進階技巧。所謂「預判」,就是去偷看 N 天前的價格(即將被踢出公式的舊成員)。 根據公式:$SMA_{今} = SMA_{昨} + (P_{今} - P_{扣抵}) \div N$ * $P_{今} > P_{扣抵}$:均線會上揚(助漲力道,適合偏多操作)。 * $P_{今} < P_{扣抵}$:均線會下彎(助跌力道,適合偏空操作)。 ## SMA 的缺陷 ### 「方向」不等於「支撐」 (Slope $\neq$ Support) * 認為「因為預判到扣抵值很低 $\rightarrow$ 均線會翻揚 $\rightarrow$ 所以均線有強力支撐」 * 均線翻揚只是一個數學計算結果 * 如果股價現在是 緩跌 的狀態,但 N 天前的股價是 崩跌(跌得更慘) * 根據公式 $SMA_t - SMA_{t-1} = (P_t - P_{t-N})/N$,因為 $P_t > P_{t-N}$,均線依然會向上。 * 看到一條向上指的均線,但股價卻在慢慢下跌。這時候的均線完全沒有支撐力,股價會直接跌破均線,形成「假黃金交叉」或無效支撐 不確定這能不能當一個例子,雖然季線向上,但股價是往下 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkaRBxlNWx.png) ### 「除權息」的漏洞 * 台股每年都會除息,股價會自動扣掉點數。如果你看的是一般 K 線圖,N 天前的價格是「含息」的(比較高),今天的價格是「除息後」的(比較低)。 * 這會導致投資人誤判為「高扣抵」,以為均線要下彎了,但其實只是因為配息。 * 進行扣抵判斷時,請務必切換成「還原權值 K 線圖」,以免因除權息造成的股價缺口 ### 結論 SMA 有「權重不合理」與「易受舊數據干擾」這兩個先天缺陷,數學家和交易員就發明了下一代的進化版本。下一章會說明EMA (指數移動平均線)。

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