Yi Tse Wu
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    ###### tags: `NTU Master Thesis` # 硬體 該頁面講述多元感測模組 (VMSM) 的硬體組成。VMSM 大致是由防水盒、壓克力板、PCB板、電池、感測器等五大項組成。下方是 VMSM 連接光合有效輻射感測器 RS-GH-N01-AL 的示意圖,可從該圖窺探 VMSM 的組成要素有哪些 ![](https://i.imgur.com/JP9Djns.png) ## 電路配置 以下是 VMSM 的電路配置,ATTiny13a 喚醒電路接 3.9V,Arduino 通訊電路接 5V。以上兩個不同的電壓來自於三顆串聯的 18650 電池(一顆 18650 電容量為 3400mAH),因此,18650 們的原始電壓輸出在 10.8V。所以,實際上是有兩個降壓模組做降壓,將 10.8V 變成 3.9V 和 5V 後,再供給 MCU 使用 ![](https://i.imgur.com/4sELAXp.png) ## 系統元件和購買連結 以下是 VMSM 的各項元件購買連結或公司,供學弟妹或其他研究者參考 | 元件名稱 | 購買連結 or 公司 | | -------- | -------- | | Arduino Pro Mini 3.3V | [Link](https://www.ruten.com.tw/item/show?21442481326906&_gl=1*saby6i*_ga*MTM0NjUyMzg1MC4xNjcyODMyMzc0*_ga_2VP4WXLL56*MTY3NTIzOTQ5Ny4xMy4xLjE2NzUyMzk3ODMuNTkuMC4w) | | AVR ATTiny13a | [Link](https://shopee.tw/ATTINY13A-PU-1%E7%B5%842%E5%80%8B-IC%E8%85%B3%E5%BA%A7-%E7%9B%B4%E6%8F%92DIP-8-AVR%E5%96%AE%E7%89%87%E6%A9%9F-%E5%BE%AE%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%99%A8%E8%8A%AF%E7%89%87-i.78933626.2299728129) | | RTC Module DS3231 | [Link](https://shopee.tw/%E3%80%90%E5%82%91%E6%A3%AE%E5%89%B5%E5%B7%A5%E3%80%91DS3231-%E9%AB%98%E7%B2%BE%E5%BA%A6%E6%99%82%E9%90%98%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84-%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84-%E5%84%AA%E6%96%BCDS1302-Arduino-i.20917936.407975983) | | SD 卡模組 | [Link](https://shopee.tw/%E3%80%90%E7%A5%A5%E6%98%8C%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E3%80%91Arduino%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E5%A5%97%E4%BB%B6-Micro-SD%E5%8D%A1-%E8%AE%80%E5%8F%96-%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84-SPI%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3-TF%E5%8D%A1%E8%AE%80%E5%AF%AB%E5%8D%A1%E5%99%A8-i.27742636.7360707885) | | Modbus RTU 轉 RS485 | [Link](https://shopee.tw/TTL-UART%E8%BD%89RS485-%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E5%9F%A0Serial-ESD-TVS%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7-%E5%90%AB%E9%9B%BB%E6%BA%90%E7%87%88-TX-RX%E7%87%88-ESP32-Arduino-i.293276804.3446122089) | | HC-08 | [Link](https://shopee.tw/%E3%80%90%E9%88%BA%E7%80%9A%E7%B6%B2%E8%88%96%E3%80%91%E3%8A%A3-%E5%8C%AF%E6%89%BF%E5%8E%9F%E5%BB%A0-HC-08-%E8%97%8D%E7%89%99-%E8%97%8D%E8%8A%BD-4.0-%E4%BD%8E%E5%8A%9F%E8%80%97-BLE-CC2540-%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84-%E5%B8%B6%E5%B1%8F%E8%94%BD%E7%BD%A9%E5%BA%95%E6%9D%BF%E7%84%8A%E6%8E%92%E9%87%9D-i.4101109.2155211212) | | 防水盒 | [Link](https://www.ruten.com.tw/item/show?22119317430115&_gl=1*1g0wfoa*_ga*MTM0NjUyMzg1MC4xNjcyODMyMzc0*_ga_2VP4WXLL56*MTY3NTIzOTQ5Ny4xMy4xLjE2NzUyNDA0MTAuNTIuMC4w) | | PCB板子 | [Link](https://www.ruten.com.tw/item/show?21407137761188&_gl=1*l92isl*_ga*MTM0NjUyMzg1MC4xNjcyODMyMzc0*_ga_2VP4WXLL56*MTY3NTIzOTQ5Ny4xMy4xLjE2NzUyNDA2NzIuOC4wLjA.) | | 土壤感測器 PR-3000-TR-N01 | [Link](https://shopee.tw/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B2%A8%E7%86%B1%E9%8A%B7%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%BA%AB%E6%BA%BC%E5%BA%A6%E5%82%B3%E6%84%9F%E8%AE%8A%E9%80%81%E5%99%A84-20mA%E5%A4%A7%E6%A3%9A%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%ADrs485%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%86%E9%9B%BB%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87PH%E5%80%BC%E6%AA%A2%E6%B8%AC%E5%84%80-i.193876824.17502443062) | | 土壤感測器 Teros12 | 緯成企業股份有限公司 / 孫國治先生 | | 光合有效輻射感測器 RS-GH-N01-AL | 海博特股份有限公司 / 林孟璇小姐 | | 電池解決方案 | 露天鋰鐵鋰 / 馬全雄先生 | ## 壓克力板 使用游標卡尺量測防水盒和電子元件的尺寸後,以 SolidWork 繪圖,再搭配雷射切割機,切割透明壓克力製作而成。壓克力板的用途是將PCB板固定在防水盒內部,防止晃動而造成電子電路零件鬆脫 ## PCB 板 使用 KiCad 設計電路板,再將設計稿送給露天上的 PCB 廠商製作。PCB板的用途是製作一個 IO Board,方便系統上的電子零件和線路相接,減少組裝時的麻煩。KiCad 在網路上能搜尋到相當多的教學文件,以下舉出兩個網站以供參考: * [如何自己做一個鍵盤 (上) – KiCad 教學](https://ergotaiwan.tw/self-keyboard-kicad-1/) * [KiCad論壇](https://forum.kicad.info/) 以下便是 VMSM 的電路板設計圖和實際樣貌,板子上有針腳排針和端子台,適合單晶片和線路的插拔,若零件有損毀,不需解焊也能立即更換,相當方便。圖中有 BJT 和二極體。此處的 BJT 作為開關,功能是啟動通訊電路;二極體則是為了限制電流流動方向,使電路能正常運作。另外,該電路板上除了橘色的下拉電阻 (該電阻使得 ATTiny13a 喚醒電路與 Arduino 通訊電路間能透過高低電位兩種變化,來進行簡易的溝通) 以外,還有一顆藍色的電阻。該電阻為 BJT 基極電阻,阻值 1620 歐姆,功能是控制流經 BJT 集極的電流量。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/NRQeJHD.png) ## 硬體組裝 硬體組裝分成壓克力板切割、PCB 板印製、整體元件整合三項,以下分別說明 1. 壓克力板直接下載實驗室雲端的 DXF 檔後,用雷射切割機切割,即可獲得壓克力板 2. PCB 板拿設計稿件給露天廠商即可印製。印製結束後,需要為之焊上端子台、排針、電阻、二極體、IC 晶片底座...等元件。注意,焊接溫度不要太高,以免造成電路損傷 3. 將 PCB 板的孔位對準壓克力板的孔位,並以 M3 螺絲鎖上。另外,PCB 板上都有文字顯示電子元件的插法,對照文字,將相關的電子元件按角位插入即可。完成該項組裝後,同樣用 M3 有螺牙的螺絲,將壓克力板固定在防水盒內,並拿燒錄好的 ATTiny13a 和 Arduino,插入對應的孔位,再連接鋰鐵鋰提供的電池後,VMSM 便組裝完成了 *P.S. 電池指示燈、電源鍵、充電孔目前都是鋰鐵鋰提供的,可將 VMSM 直接寄至他們公司做處理,不必自己動手組裝* ## 未來建議 VMSM 在硬體上仍有不足之處,有以下幾點建議: * 電路板可以再更新,為 Arduino 新增多個 IO 腳位,讓 VMSM 可以一次性連接多個感測器 * 可以設計快速的感測器接頭,讓農民可以單獨拔下白色防水盒並拿去充電,減少農民充電的功夫 * 將電池內的降壓模組拿掉,減少降壓所帶來的能耗損失。實際操作方法是 18650 可以直接接給 ATTiny13a,但是, Arduino 和感測器的部分,就需要額外做升壓才能正常運作。建議可以在 18650 的原始電壓輸出端,添增升壓模組給 Arduino 和感測器使用 * 上面這點完成後,電池不限制是 3 的倍數,可以考慮將電池添加到 4 顆以上,以增長使用時間

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