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    # Computer Programming (C & C++) >內文目前採用于天立教授教課內容 >[查詢各種標頭檔](https://www.cplusplus.com/reference/) --- ## 9/28 C: general structure and output --- ```c= #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { printf("Hello, world.\n"); return EXIT_SUCCESS; } ``` 上方為 C 的語法。每一個新的指令都需要以`;`分開。 其中`<stdio.h>`為 Standard Input Output 的資料庫,其提供的輸出函數為`printf()`。而`<stdlib.h>`則提供了`EXIT_SUCCESS`。 `\n`表示換行,在 C++ 中使用`std::endl`也有同樣的效果,可看後方例子。 ::: warning 其實`\n`與`endl`表現上一樣但概念有點不同: 1. `\n`只是單純的換行,`cout`裡一樣可以使用。 2. `std::endl`則是把被開啟的一個`cout`的【流】給關掉 可以把`cout`想成一個分液漏斗,`\n`只是暫時把漏斗關上,移到一個新的容器上方再打開,`std::endl`則是直接把漏斗清空回收。<!--謝謝林奕樺的補充~~--> ::: 另外,若要在 C++ 中使用`<headfilename>.h`這類 C 語言的資料庫,可以去掉尾綴的【.h】並在前面加【c】。例如: ```cpp= #include <cstdio> #include <cstdlib> ``` --- C++: general structure and input/output --- - Hello World ```cpp= #include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << "Hello, world." << std::endl; return EXIT_SUCCESS; } ``` `<iostream>`即 input output stream,其中也包含了`EXIT_SUCCESS`等其他函數。 其中,`std::`的作用是指定「命名空間」(Namespace)。由於函式庫龐大,難免撞名,所以可以透過`std::`來指定要取用「Standard Namespace」中的`cout`和`endl`。 然而,一直寫`std::`有夠麻煩的,因此,以上程式也有許多不同的便利寫法。以下提供其中一種。 ```cpp= #include <iostream> using namspace std; int main() { cout << "Hello, world." << endl; return 0; } ``` 指定使用「Standard Namespace」後,就可以直接寫`cout`或`endl`了! - Area of Circle ```cpp= #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; int main() { float radius; cout << "Please enter the radius: "; cin >> radius; float area = radius * radius * 3.14159265; cout << "The area of the circle is " << x << endl; return 0; } ``` 重點: 1. 使用`using std::cout`的語法,就只會指定`cout`的命名空間,如此一來才不會把所有東西一視同仁,導致日後程式的不清楚。 3. 宣告了 radius 和 area 兩個 **float 浮點數**。 4. `cout <<`後面的小於符號表示導向左邊,而`cin >>`則是導向右邊,進入宣告的變數。 5. 宣告變數的同時,其數值可以數學式表示。 6. `int main(){...}`本身其實是一個函數。此函數的名稱為`main`,其回傳值為`int`(integer整數)。因此,函數最後要有個`return 0;`表示函數的回傳值。 --- ## random [C++: rand() 和 srand() 亂數生成簡略說明和使用方法](/BkxfyKZ4t) --- 聊天區 > 對不起我有點龜毛⋯⋯我幫程式的運算子之間都加上空格了。 > >感謝樓上 :D 送你一隻貓 $=(\hat{\sigma}_x\hat{\sigma})=$ > > > <3 > 這是好習慣,另外中英文之間的空格我也補上去了。 > >你也想要貓嗎? > > >好耶>< **cute**:heart: > > > >給給: \begin{align*} &\{\backslash\_/\}\\ =&(\;\bullet\nabla\bullet)=\\ c&/>\;\;| \end{align*}Done [回到共筆的家](/SytlM43mt)

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