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    --- title: 【論文研讀】Cascaded Pyramid Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimation catalog: true date: 2023-10-23 author: David Chen categories: - paper review - Human Pose Estimation --- # Cascaded Pyramid Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimation [![hackmd-github-sync-badge](https://hackmd.io/4R4gjQUbSrSVP4jHw0ynvA/badge)](https://hackmd.io/4R4gjQUbSrSVP4jHw0ynvA) * Journal reference: CVPR 2018 * Authors: Yilun Chen, Zhicheng Wang, Yuxiang Peng, Zhiqiang Zhang, Gang Yu, Jian Sun * Github: [Cascaded Pyramid Network (CPN)](https://github.com/chenyilun95/tf-cpn) * 論文連結: [Cascaded Pyramid Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimation](https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_cvpr_2018/papers/Chen_Cascaded_Pyramid_Network_CVPR_2018_paper.pdf) --- 作者提出 **CPN** 來解決關鍵點被遮蔽和複雜背景中的關鍵點偵測錯誤的情況。 **關鍵點被遮蔽**和**背景複雜**無法良好定位的原因如下: * 這些困難關節不能**僅憑外觀特徵**來簡單識別,例如軀幹點。 * 這些困難關節在訓練過程中沒有明確解決。 ## Method **CPN** 主要是由兩個子網路左組成的: * **GlobalNet** * **RefineNet** 下圖為 **CPN** 的整體架構。 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkoQ5hff6.png) ### GlobalNet **GlobalNet** 為基於**ResNet Backbone** 的網路結構。 作者將不同卷積特徵 $conv2∼5$ 的最後一個殘差塊分別表示為 $C_2, C_3, ..., C_5$。 如下圖所示,$C_2$ 和$C_3$ 等淺層特徵具有**用於定位的高空間分辨率**(可以看得比較廣),但**用於識別的語義資訊較低**。 反之,像 $C_4$ 和 $C_5$ 這樣的深層特徵層**具有更多語義訊息**,但由於跨步卷積(和池化)而導致**空間分辨率較低**(看的比較窄)。 因此通常會使用一個 **U 形結構**來在特徵層的空間分辨率和語義資訊中**取得一個平衡**。 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkkHsnMfp.png) 作者引用了FPN的**特徵金字塔結構**,但是在上採樣過程中,作者先經過了 $1 × 1$ 卷積核然後才進行逐元求和。(上圖一 **elem-sum** 的部分) 如上圖二所示,基於 **ResNet Backbone** 的 **GlobalNet** 可以有效地定位眼睛等關鍵點,但卻無法精確定位**被遮擋住的臀部**位置。 作者表示像臀部這樣的關鍵點的定位通常需要**更多的上下文資訊和處理**,而不是附近的外觀特徵,因此單靠上述的 **GlobalNet** 很難直接識別這些**困難關鍵點**,因此作者附加一個 **RefineNet** 來解決**困難關鍵點**。 ### RefineNet 為了**提高訊息傳輸的效率**並**保持訊息的完整性**,我們的 **RefineNet** 跨不同層級傳輸訊息,最終**透過上取樣和串聯將不同層級的訊息**集成為 [HyperNet](https://www.cv-foundation.org/openaccess/content_cvpr_2016/papers/Kong_HyperNet_Towards_Accurate_CVPR_2016_paper.pdf)。 **RefineNet** 特點: * 連接了**所有金字塔特徵**,不像堆疊沙漏只有簡單的使用沙漏模組末端的上採樣特徵。 * 將更多的 **bottleneck blocks** 堆疊到更深的層中,其較小的空間尺寸實現了有效性和效率之間的良好權衡。 隨著網路的訓練,網路通常會更關注那些**相對簡單**的關鍵點,而不太重視**被遮蔽**和**困難**的關鍵點,這兩類關鍵點都應該被關注! 因此在 **RefineNet** 中,作者根據訓練損失在線選擇困難關鍵點(作者稱為 **online hard keypoints mining** ),並僅從所選關鍵點進行反向傳播。 #### Online Hard Keypoints Mining 整個模型中有兩個階段,他們各自的損失為: * **GlobalNet**:所有 Label 關鍵點的 L2 Loss。 * **RefineNet**:只懲罰 Loss 最高的前 N 個關鍵點損失,經過作者的實驗,在 COCO 資料集中的 17 個關鍵點中取 8 個關鍵點可以在困難關鍵點和簡單關鍵點之間達成平衡,得到最佳訓練結果。

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