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    --- tags: Linear Algebra - HungYiLee --- Linear Algebra - Lec 34~35: General Vectors === [TOC] # [課程網站](http://speech.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~tlkagk/courses_LA18.html) # [Lecture 34: General Vectors (Part I)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4dPfMkz_lw&list=PLJV_el3uVTsNmr39gwbyV-0KjULUsN7fW&index=35) ## Introduction ### 廣義的 vector ![](https://i.imgur.com/VqJ7lXm.png) ## Are they Vectors? ![](https://i.imgur.com/rRTwnG1.png) - matrix - linear transform - polynomial 以上都可以視為 vector ![](https://i.imgur.com/xyajKCK.png) - 特別的是**任何 function 都可以被視為 vector**,我們只要在 function 上取 $f(x)$ 的 sample,但是要取無窮多個,因此可以被視為無窮多維的 vector ## What is a vector? ![](https://i.imgur.com/UWFwzYv.png) - vector 的定義看起來很複雜,但其實合乎我們直覺是 vector 的應該就都是 vector 啦 ## Objects in Different Vector Spaces 同一個東西其實可以是在不同的 vector space ![](https://i.imgur.com/XjfAqNI.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/jBPxrrC.png) ## Subspace ![](https://i.imgur.com/mWqpC9i.png) ### Are they Subspaces? ![](https://i.imgur.com/n9WXNpi.png) ### 注意:之後的 Notation of Polynomials - $P$: all polynomials - $P_n$: all polynomials with degree less than or equal to $n$ ## Linear Combination and Span ![](https://i.imgur.com/5BJBe1t.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/tALq6Ln.png) ## Linear transformation ### Matrix Transpose ![](https://i.imgur.com/4wKsaOU.png) ### Derivative & Integral ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZjDwQqG.png) 微分 & 積分 居然也是 linear 的!!! 既然是 linear 的,我們就可以找出它代表的 matrix ## Null Space and Range ### Null Space - The null space of T is the set of all vectors such that $T(v)=0$ - What is the null space of matrix trnapose? - only zero matrix $O$ will let the transpose matrix is zero vector (zero matrix) ### Range - ***The range of $T$ is the set of all images of $T$. (???不懂)*** - That is, the set of all vectors $T(v)$ for all $v$ in the domain - What is the range of matrix transpose? - $m\times n\rightarrow n\times m$ ## One to one and Onto (Review Lec 16) ![](https://i.imgur.com/dNqAwJB.png) ## Isomorphism (同構) ![](https://i.imgur.com/V0QPLtP.png) - example 2: $P_2$ 和 $\mathcal R^3$ 是 Isomorphism 的 ## Basis - A basis for **subspace $V$** is a **linearly independent** generation set of $V$. ### Independent ![](https://i.imgur.com/z6O8M2L.png) - 第二個 example 的 linear combination 等於 $\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&-a\end{bmatrix}$,因此若要 linear combination 等於 0,則必須 $a=b=c=0$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/PqEYNTa.png) - 第二個 example 可以用微分,以及 $t$ 代 0 來計算 ### Basis ![](https://i.imgur.com/5b01rA1.png) # [Lecture 35: General Vectors (Part II)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E7ZzTJFeng&list=PLJV_el3uVTsNmr39gwbyV-0KjULUsN7fW&index=36) ## Vector Representation of Object ### Coordinate Transformation ![](https://i.imgur.com/JznnpVk.png) 之前說過用 $P_n$ 代表所有 degree 小於等於 $n$ 的多項式的集合,它的一個 basis 是 $\{1,x,x^2,...,x^n\}$ - 這裡就是把 $1$、$x$、$x^2$、...、$x^n$ 等視為許多 vectors (因為一個 function 可以視為 vector) - 而這個 **polynomial 可以用這樣的 basis 所構成的 coordinate system 來用 vector 表示** #### Question? - ***所以 polynomial 可以被視為 subspace,也可以被視為 vector 囉?*** ## Matrix Representation of Linear Operator ### Example - Matrix Representation of Derivative ![](https://i.imgur.com/YilBHW9.png) - 注意這裡是用 升冪 來排列 degree ![](https://i.imgur.com/WF5dAiY.png) - review: 若想知道一個 linear transformation 的 **matrix representation**,只要輸入 standard vector $e_1,e_2,...$,輸出就是 matrix 的各個 columns - example: $e_3$ 在這代表 $x^2$,function 的 output 是 $2x$,所以 matrix representation 的第三個 column 就是 $\begin{bmatrix}0\\2\\0\end{bmatrix}$。以此類推。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/blFu7KY.png) - 從 matrix representation 可以看出是這個 linear operation 是 non-invertible 的,也可以看出微分是 non-invertible 的 ### Another Example (這裡感覺可以跟微積分融會貫通) ![](https://i.imgur.com/VYibFL6.png) - 這時候又是 invertible 的了 ![](https://i.imgur.com/bfdGE5l.png) ## Eigenvalue and Eigenvector ### Example - Eigenvalue and Eigenvector for Derivative / Transpose ![](https://i.imgur.com/JH2ACMn.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/m9XhiJm.png) 同理,要找到 linear transformation 的 matrix representation,就輸入 standard vector $e_i$,那輸出就是該 matrix representation 的第 $i$ 個 column ![](https://i.imgur.com/75In49t.png) - 覺得奇怪嗎,2x2 的 matrix 怎麼 dimension 是 3,其實它是 $\mathbb R^4$ 的 vector set ## Inner Product ![](https://i.imgur.com/nDPOaI9.png) - inner product 其實是 dot product 更 general 的形式,也就是說 **dot product 只是 inner prodcut 的一種特例**。 - 當然可以定義其他的 inner product,例如 $10u\cdot v$ ### Frobenius Inner Product - Frobenius inner product 也是一種 inner product ![](https://i.imgur.com/ahdQlsZ.png) - **Frobenius norm** 也可以照如上規則算出來 - 所以說在計算 **norm 的時候應該嚴謹的說明是在什麼樣的 inner product 上計算的** ### Inner Product for General Functions ![](https://i.imgur.com/RaY77Aq.png) - 第一個符合 inner product,第二個不符合 inner product ## Orthogonal/Orthonormal Basis ![](https://i.imgur.com/WB5rhlI.png) - 這裡的 dot 可以換成自己定義的 inner product ![](https://i.imgur.com/ipUzkVX.png) - 這都跟之前學的一樣 ![](https://i.imgur.com/GfCKohd.png) - 用我們新定義的 inner product 可以得知,basis $\{1,x,x^2\}$ 不是 orthogonal 的 ($u_1,u_3$ 不是 orthogonal) - 因此要用 Gram-Schmidt Process 把它轉成 orthogonal 的。 - 若要再轉成 orthonormal 就把長度也做 normalization,如下圖 - 用新的 inner product 來計算 norm ![](https://i.imgur.com/XVCtkXW.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/PT8zY6V.png) ### Application - Fourier Transform **Fourier Transform 就是所有 function 的 basis,而 basis 之間就是 orthogonal 的。**

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