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    主要參考資料、前置知識: 主要為[魚的死後變化](/QcGhENAITKupSAkyMhWOlg)中所提及的四篇論文,提供了詳細的機轉 都是各種菌的養成 負面指的腐敗通常是指上面對於品嚐食物及健康有負面影響的菌 如果過程有適當的控制 只培養需要的菌、讓負面的菌不在其中生長、並使肉中各種蛋白酶能合適的作用 就能稱為正面的熟成 從而產生各種風味並改變肉的質地 普通的熟成製作跟天然酵母製作算是類似的過程 都是從食材、空氣中取得一些菌種 並用適當環境的培育 但是就會比較需要環境與運氣 最好的方式是人工添加菌種 在監測設備下培育菌種與熟成 通常是食品廠才比較有條件做 # 熟成在做什麼 熟成: 肉類解除僵直的過程中pH值上升,同時也激活了蛋白酶 簡單分為兩種 1. 內源性: - 鈣蛋白酶、鈣蛋白酶抑制劑,在兩者動態作用下,將肌纖維Z線等地方的大蛋白質破壞成小蛋白質(圖1),進而使肌纖維破壞、斷裂,肉質自然就變嫩。 - 當橫向的肌肉結構被分解時(圖2),會從溶酶體中釋放組織蛋白酶(cathepsins)、胱抑素(cystatin),它們會把小的蛋白質再繼續分解成肽,從而帶來許多風味 2. 外源性 通常就是洋蔥、鳳梨酵素等等添加物,這部分應該是醃肉、發酵、黴菌的範疇,之後再了解 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hk0f3EYn6.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkYQn4Fn6.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJDVhEKna.png) ## 熟成方式: - 濕式熟成: 而蛋白酶需要無氧的環境,所以透過真空包裝在0~4度保存,從而使上述兩種內源性蛋酶發揮作用,以達到嫩化肉質、增添風味。牛肉僵直期長,所以真空包海運(20天)到台灣就差不多是能使用的程度 - 乾式熟成: 原理如同火腿,把肉掛起來風乾,使外層肉脫水,肌纖維緊縮變成保護層,來使內部隔絕氧氣,進而讓內源蛋白酶發揮效用。 ## 香氣從何而來? 既然本質是都是使內源性蛋白酶發揮效用,那麼乾溼到底差在哪裡? 乾式會有堅果、奶酪、蘑菇等香氣,到底哪裡來的? 目前了解主要原因是黴菌和酵母,在乾式熟成靜置的其間期間大幅增加,這些黴菌酵母更進一步的釋放蛋白酶(破壞肌纖維)、膠原酶(分解結締組織釋放風味) 因為熟成時的酵母、黴菌等因素,都是可以透過人工添加來控管,像是對於表面空氣的流速不同會影響外殼生長的微生物種類,所以乾式熟成感覺要挑選專業有品牌,甚至像國外有實驗室合作的更好些,主要是更加可控品質穩定 圖中也可看到,若是希望更多酵母黴菌的作用,建議挑選21天以上的,黴菌的數量較為顯著,作用比較明顯 圖片來源: > [Electrical resistance and mold distribution on beef surface as indicators of dry aging](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfpe.13122) > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJMsdvZbC.png) 所以乾式熟成更加適合結締組織多的部位,因為內含比較多的膠原蛋白(蛋白質),能夠被蛋白酶分解出更多風味,像是沙朗、肋眼 雖然乾式在外殼乾燥後有隔氧環境,但相較濕式熟成的塑膠真空包裝來說,並不夠完全,導致仍然有被氧化,這些部分氧化就是關鍵 脂質氧化/降解所產生的化合物包括醛、醇、酮、碳氫化合物、呋喃(Furan)等,都是頗具風味的物質,其中庚醛、辛醛、壬醛是油酸主要的氧化/降解產物,會**產生水果香、脂肪香、甜味** 3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丙醛、2,3丁二銅,則與**更多牛肉味**有關 這也是為甚麼乾式熟成肉吃起來風味更濃郁的原因之一 而硫化物、哌𠯤(Piperazine)也會顯著增加,這些是高溫梅納反應的產物,也會增添風味 而多不飽和脂肪酸的過氧化物,會產生特殊不好聞的味道,這味道接近同樣脂質多、脂肪酸多並且長期氧化的**奶烙** 這也許就是為甚麼乾式熟成肉味會更濃郁,且自帶奶酪、果香等香氣的原因吧 圖片來源: > [Effect of muscle type and vacuum chiller ageing period...](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23911040/) > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByGzaEFnp.png) ## 其餘參考 硬核牛肉指南(2) 细胞级分析,把肉的熟成搞懂,全网最硬核 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1RM411F7mc 乾式熟成和溼式熟成的秘密和迷思 https://youtu.be/rLZnNm4rYgk 硬核烹饪指南06期:一张图搞清“熟成”的本质,腊肉、火腿、一夜干、干式熟成、湿式熟成全解析 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1tt4y1P7TH/ 乾式熟成牛排越久越好? https://youtu.be/SKa77D7ZRcs

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