ameliazein
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    --- title: Melaporkan hasil negatif tags: MOOC, wibisana, statistik, metode penelitian description: Materi singkat yang disusun utk WIBISANA. defaultTiming: 120 --- # p>0.05 ## Melaporkan hasil negatif <!-- Put the link to this slide here so people can follow --> salindia: https://hackmd.io/@ameliazein/hasil-negatif --- # Saya akan menceritakan sebuah cerita horor :ghost: --- # p>0.05 :scream: --- # Horor bukan? :smile: --- # Mmmm.. sebenarnya tidak juga kok :wink: --- ## Definisi *p-value* Probabilitas sebuah tes statistik (yang dilakukan di masa depan) akan ==setidaknya sama besar/ekstrimnya== seperti yang terobservasi dalam penelitian yang dilakukan, ==apabila== semua asumsi terpenuhi dan hipotesis yang diuji (hipotesis nol) benar. [Greenland, et.al., (2016)](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3) --- # Bingung yah? :confused: --- <img src="https://www.distilled.net/uploads/i_do_not_think_it_[significant]_means_what_you_think_it_means.jpg" style="width:60%;" class="fancyimage"/> --- ## Coba kita gunakan analogi :raising_hand: Amel adalah seorang dosen Psikologi Unair, dan Ilham adalah suaminya. Berdasarkan hasil observasinya ketika membandingkan Amel dengan dosen yang lain, Ilham menyimpulkan bahwa Amel adalah ==dosen yang tercantik== di Psikologi Unair (p=0.03). --- <img src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/86/d8/60/86d8606bd9072e7d74c19d3718f054bc.jpg" style="width:70%;" class="fancyimage"/> --- ## Hipotesisnya :exclamation: <div style="text-align: left"> H0: Semua dosen Psikologi Unair ==sama cantiknya== (tidak ada perbedaan level kecantikan)<br> H1: Amel adalah dosen yang ==paling cantik== (ada perbedaan level kecantikan)</br> </div> --- ## Apa arti *p-value* dari analogi ini? :dizzy_face: <div style="text-align: left"> Kalau seandainya semua dosen sama cantiknya (H0) adalah benar, maka peluang ==laki-laki lain== (bukan Ilham) mengobservasi dosen lain yang sama cantiknya dengan Amel, adalah kecil sekali (0.03). Jadi ==mungkin==, H0 ga bener (ditolak). </div> --- Artinya, *p-value* adalah ==peluang== yang melekat pada observasi/penelitian di ==masa depan== (*in the long run*), bukan pada penelitian/observasi yang sedang dilakukan. --- Juga, *p-value* sangat bergantung pada ==ukuran sampel==. Pada jumlah sampel yang terlalu besar, atau terlalu kecil, *p-value* hampir-hampir ==tidak ada artinya== sama sekali. --- ### Pada ukuran sampel yang kecil, *nothing is significant*, sedangkan pada ukuran sampel yang besar, *everything is significant*. :rooster: :rooster: :rooster: --- ## Apa yang membuat p>0.05? <div style="text-align: left"> Bisa jadi... * Ukuran sampel terlalu kecil * *Statistical power* kurang memuaskan * Observasi/penelitian hanya mendeteksi *random noise* </div> --- ## *p-value*>0.05 = tidak ada efek? <div style="text-align: left"> Tidak. Pendekatan *null hypothesis significant testing* (NHST) ada dua aliran. * Fisher, yang menguji signifikansi (*test of significance*) * Neyman & Pearson, yang menguji penerimaan (*test of acceptance*) </div> --- Keduanya pendekatan yang berbeda, jadi jangan dikombinasikan :laughing: :::info Baca [Perezgonzalez (2015)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4347431/) untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut. ::: --- ## Dua kemungkinkan *test of significance* <div style="text-align: left"> * H0 (mungkin) ditolak - Masih **mungkin**, karena kita butuh pengujian berkali-kali untuk memastikan hasilnya konsisten (*frequent testing*) * H0 gagal ditolak - H0 ditolak, ==bukan berarti== H0 diterima:exclamation: </div> :::warning The absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence [(Alderson 2004)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC351831/) ::: --- Kalau anda tidak punya bukti bahwa efek/pengaruh/korelasi/perbedaan itu (mungkin) ada, bukan berarti tidak ada sama sekali. :::warning Apabila anda gagal menolak H0, bukan berarti H0 dinyatakan dapat diterima ::: --- <img src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/1e/30/41/1e3041cbac01fb863fbd2edfc6ae9236.jpg" style="width:50%;" class="fancyimage"/> --- # Contoh 1 <div style="text-align: left"> ### *r*=0.3, *p*=0.055 "...after conducting Pearson's correlation analysis, we failed to reject null hypothesis, even though our analysis yielded a rather moderate correlation coefficient" </div> --- # Contoh 2 <div style="text-align: left"> ### *B*=0.3, *SE*=0.04, *p*=0.055 "...to analyse our data, we performed ordinary least square regression, and we are not convinced that we have an evidence to confirm the existence of an adequate relationship between x and y.." "..or there **might** be an association. However, it could be anything but linear" (tambahan dari mba [Zida](https://www.facebook.com/zida.husnina). Thanks mba!:pray:) </div> --- # Contoh 3 <div style="text-align: left"> ### *t*(20)=0.6, *p*=0.66 "...to detect whether there was a difference between control and treatment group, we performed Student's t-test. We failed to find any evidences to reject our hypothesis which is a meaningful difference between control and treatment group does not exist..." </div> --- ### Terima kasih! #### Semoga bermanfaat :wink: Silahkan hubungi saya via: - [Personal website](https://rameliaz.github.io/) - [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ameliazein) - [atau email](mailto:amelia.zein@psikologi.unair.ac.id)

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