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    # Leetcode刷題學習筆記 -- 小技巧/code snipe ### mod 使用mod如果目標是負數,則mod出來的結果也是負數。 例如: ```cpp for(int i = 5; i >= -5; --i) cout << i % 5 << endl; //3 % 3 = 0 //2 % 3 = 2 //1 % 3 = 1 //0 % 3 = 0 0 mod 任何數皆為0 //-1 % 3 = -1 //-2 % 3 = -2 //-3 % 3 = 0 整數倍依然為0 ``` 如果不想要有負數,必須使用以下的方法,把原本的結果 + n 再mod一次。 但是注意結果不是原本的結果取abs()。 ```cpp int floorMod(int x, int n) { return ((x % n) + n) % n; } for(int i = 3; i >= -3; --i) cout << i << " % 3 = " << ((i % 3) + 3) % 3 << endl; //3 % 3 = 0 //2 % 3 = 2 //1 % 3 = 1 //0 % 3 = 0 //-1 % 3 = 2 原本是-1 //-2 % 3 = 1 原本是-2 //-3 % 3 = 0 ``` 這樣的作法有一種循環的效果,題目如果要求cyclic可以這樣求下一個index。 0->1->2->0->1->2... step = 1 0->2->1->0->2->1... step = -1 例如:我要使用cyclic queue, 其中queue會被重複複寫,我可以用一個index來表示,往前就index + 1,往後index - 1。但是如果這樣做,index會有超出queue size或是小於0的情況。所以就可以使用 ```cpp idx = ((idx + 1) % sz + sz) % sz; //或是 idx = ((idx - 1) % sz + sz) % sz; ``` 就可以達到循環的效果。 + 或是要mod的target會有負數情況,也可以使用此技巧。 #### [974. Subarray Sums Divisible by K](https://leetcode.com/problems/subarray-sums-divisible-by-k/description/) 計算出subarray個數,其中subarray sum為k的倍數。 ```cpp // pfs + n % k = -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 index // pdf + n % k + k % k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0 cyclic // // pfs(cur) - pfs(prev) = k * m // pfs(cur) % k - pfs(prev) % k = 0 // pfs(cur) = pfs(prev) // int subarraysDivByK(vector<int>& nums, int k) { unordered_map<int, int> m{{0, 1}}; //prefix sum, count int pfs{0}, ans{0}; for(auto& n : nums) { pfs = ((pfs + n) % k + k) % k; ans += m[pfs]; m[pfs]++; } return ans; } ``` #### [1590. Make Sum Divisible by P](https://leetcode.com/problems/make-sum-divisible-by-p/) 移除subarray之後,其他的總合為p的倍數,試問最小的subarray長度,如果沒這個答案則回傳-1。 > 1. 這邊的重點是 pfs - sum會有負數情況,所以使用 ```cpp int target = ((pfs - sum) % p + p) % p; ``` ```cpp= class Solution { // sum - (pfs(cur) - pfs(prev)) = p * m // sum % p = pfs(cur) % p - pfs(prev) % p // pfs(prev) % p = pfs(cur) % p - sum % p public: int minSubarray(vector<int>& nums, int p) { unordered_map<int, int> m{{0, -1}}; //pfs, latest index int sum = accumulate(nums.begin(), nums.end(), 0l) % p; if(sum % p == 0) return 0; long pfs{0}; int ans = nums.size(); for(int i = 0; i < nums.size(); ++i) { pfs = (pfs + (long)nums[i]) % p; int target = ((pfs - sum) % p + p) % p; if(m.count(target)) ans = min(ans, i - m[target]); m[pfs] = i; } return ans == nums.size() ? -1 : ans; } }; ``` ### queue的走訪 走訪queue的所有內容,新增的東西還會push到queue裡面。 避免拿到新增加的資料,所以使用以下的code。 因為變數i只會被initial一次,所以當下的q.size()會被記錄下來。 ==不可以使用 i < q.size() 來判斷,因為for loop每次都會讀取q.size()==。 ```cpp queue<TreeNode *> q; while(!q.empty()) { for(int i = q.size(); i > 0; --i) { TreeNode *p = q.front(); q.pop(); ... } } ``` 或是可以把答案和數值組成pair放到queue裡面,可以少一個for loop ```cpp queue<pair<int, int>> q; q.push({v, ans}); while(!q.empty()) { auto [v, ans] = q.fornt(); q.pop(); if(v == target) return ans; // get new value ... q.push(nv, ans + 1); // 推進去新的點nv, 還要更新ans } ``` ### 無條件進位 加上要進位的(單位-1),即可達到無條件進位。 例如: ```cpp // 一百以下無條件進位 int newx = (oldx + 99) / 100; // 當oldx的數字為1-99 時,自然會進到百位,只有當數字為0或是100的時候不會進位。 int newx = (oldx + mid - 1) / mid; // 除完之後無條件進位 ``` ### 從沒排序的vector中,每次都可以用binary search找出要的數值。 ```cpp vector<int> nums; // 沒排列的vector set<int> s(nums.begin(), nums.end()); // 放入set中,以後方便查詢 auto it = s.lower_bound(v); // 用binary search 找s中是否有大於等於v的數值。 ``` ### 將資料結合 有兩個vector有對應的關係。需要對這兩個進行排序。則可以把這兩個vector結合成一個。 ```cpp vector<int> difficulty, vector<int> profit; vector<int> jobs; for(int i = 0; i < profit.size(); ++i) jobs.push_back({difficulty[i], profit[i]}); sort(jobs.begin(), jobs.end()); ``` ### 刪除重複的資料 把資料推進unordered_set<T>再拿出來,就可以刪除重複資料。 ```cpp vector<string> words; unordered_set<string> s(words.begin(), words.end()); for(auto& w : s) cout << w << endl; ``` ### 使用mod來優化多次的減法 [Explain how the % works](https://leetcode.com/problems/construct-target-array-with-multiple-sums/discuss/573511/Explain-how-the-works) ```cpp // 因為題目的關係,每次跌代都必須把最大值減掉其他值。 // 因為max很大,所以每次跌代都是max - (a1 + a2) target = [max, a1, a2]; 1st iteration : target = [max-(a1+a2), a1, a2] 2nd iteration : target = [max-2*(a1+a2), a1, a2] ... nth iteration : target = [max-n*(a1+a2), a1, a2] // Can we accelerate the process? Yes max-n*(a1+a2) = max % (a1+a2) // special case // 當 max % (a1 + a2) == 0,因為題目只要減到1,所以必須特別處理。 // mod的結果會是[0, a1 + a2 - 1],但是當結果為0是,我們是要用a1 + a2。 ``` ### right most set bit ``` // 找出最右邊的set bit x & -x; // 減少自己 right most set bit // 使用在binary index tree中 getSum() x -= x & -x; // 加上自己 right most set bit // 使用在binary index tree中 update() x += x & -x; ``` ### 使用走訪兩次來產生雙倍陣列的效果 常常有的題目會說陣列是cyclic,最有效的方法是把原本的陣列接在後面,但是可以透過走訪兩次來達到同樣的效果。 例如 : [503. Next Greater Element II](https://leetcode.com/problems/next-greater-element-ii/) ```cpp= vector<int> nextGreaterElements(vector<int>& nums) { int sz = nums.size(); stack<int> s; vector<int> rtn(sz); for(int i = 2 * sz - 1; i >= 0; --i) { while(!s.empty() && nums[i % sz] >= s.top()) s.pop(); rtn[i % sz] = s.empty() ? -1 : s.top(); s.push(nums[i % sz]); } return rtn; } ``` ### 把General case化成Special case 通常Special case都會比較好解決。所以可以的話把General case轉化成Special case。 #### [92. Reverse Linked List II](https://leetcode.com/problems/reverse-linked-list-ii/) 給你一個linked list和left, right。只反轉從left到right之間的node。 > 1. special case : left == 1,反轉前N個node > 2. general case : left != 1,把下一個node當成新的head,並且修正left和right。 ```cpp= class Solution { ListNode *succesor; ListNode *reverseN(ListNode *head, int n) { if(n == 1) { succesor = head->next; return head; } ListNode *last = reverseN(head->next, n - 1); head->next->next = head; head->next = succesor; return last; } public: ListNode* reverseBetween(ListNode* head, int left, int right) { if(left == 1) return reverseN(head, right); head->next = reverseBetween(head->next, left - 1, right - 1); return head; } }; ``` ### Slinding Window Maximum/Minimum 在一個slinding window 中有效的取得maximum或是minimum。 其中 k 為slinding window的長度。 1. 使用multiset ```cpp vector<int> nums; multiset<int> s; // value s.insert(nums[i]); if(s.size() > k) s.erase(s.find(nums[i - k])); ``` 2. 使用deque ```cpp vector<int> nums; deque<int> deq; // index // insert while(!deq.empty() && nums[idx] >= nums[deq.back()]) deq.pop_back(); deq.push_back(idx); // get while(!deq.empty() && idx - deq.front() > k) deq.pop_front(); return nums[deq.front()]; ``` ### 快速比較兩個同長度的vector 通常有時候需要比較兩個同樣長度的vector裡面的內容是否一樣。會使用以下的code。c++ 會自動比較兩個vector相同index是否一樣。但是time complexity : O(N),space complexity 也是O(N)。 ```cpp int len = 10; vector<int> target(len); vector<int> nums(len); if(target == nums) ... ``` 如果數字小於10,也就是0~9,且vector的長度沒很長,則可以轉成數字比較。 ```cpp long getNum(vector<int>& vec) { long res = 0; for(int i = 0; i < vec.size(); ++i) res += pow(10, i) * vec[i]; return res; } ``` ### GCD(Greatest common divisor) 最大公因數,或是稱為Highest common factor(hcf)。 ```cpp int gcd(int a, int b) { return b == 0 ? a : gcd(b, a % b); } ``` 其實c++有提供[gcd](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/gcd)的函數,不用自己寫一個。 ```cpp= constexpr int p {2 * 2 * 3}; constexpr int q {2 * 3 * 3}; static_assert(2 * 3 == std::gcd(p, q)); ``` ### 計算child node個數 例如在binary tree中計算每個node的child個數。分別計算left和right的個數,最後再加上root(1),就是全部的個數。 ```cpp= int count(TreeNode* root) { if(!root) return 0; int l = count(root->left); int r = count(root->right); return l + r + 1; } ``` 因為這是從root開始計算,如果只要知道每個node的child個數,就必須先找到target node然後再呼叫count(),這樣有點浪費時間,其實在計算root的時候就會得到target node的答案,我們只要把結果存起來就好。 ```cpp= int left, right, target; int count(TreeNode* root) { if(!root) return 0; int l = count(root->left); int r = count(root->right); if(root->val == target) { left = l; right = r; } return l + r + 1; } ``` 例如:[1145. Binary Tree Coloring Game](https://leetcode.com/problems/binary-tree-coloring-game/description/) ### 列舉所有的組合 題目中很常出現,例如兩兩組合或是三個的組合。這時候如何避免重複列舉就是很重要的技巧。通常使用如下的方法。 ```cpp= vector<char> list; //a, b, c, d, e for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i) { for(int j = i + 1; j < list.size(); ++j) { cout << list[i] << list[j] << endl; // ab, ac, ad, ae // bc, bd, be // cd, ce // de } } ``` 三個的組合 ```cpp= vector<char> list; //a, b, c, d, e for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i) { for(int j = i + 1; j < list.size(); ++j) { for(int k = j + 1; k < list.size(); ++k) { cout << list[i] << list[j] << list[k] << endl; // abc, abd, abe, acd, ace, ade // bcd, bce, bde // cde } } } ``` + 這是組合不是排列,所以ab == ba + 就是因為是組合,所以只要考慮拿比自己還後面的element來拚 + 因為使用了for loop,所以==容器必須使用可以依序訪問的==,如: vector, array。unordered_set, unordered_map就不太適合。 ```cpp= unordered_set<string> m[26]; // 使用array來存放unordered_set for(int i = 0; i < 26; ++i) { for(int j = i + 1; j < 26; ++j) { } } ``` + 如果是求排列數 = 組合數 * N! 例如:[2306. Naming a Company](https://leetcode.com/problems/naming-a-company/) ```cpp= long long distinctNames(vector<string>& ideas) { unordered_set<string> m[26]; for(auto& idea : ideas) m[idea[0] - 'a'].insert(idea.substr(1)); long long ans{0L}; for(int i = 0; i < 26; ++i) { for(int j = i + 1; j < 26; ++j) { long long cnt1{0L}, cnt2{0L}; for(auto& suffix : m[i]) if(!m[j].count(suffix)) cnt1++; for(auto& suffix : m[j]) if(!m[i].count(suffix)) cnt2++; ans += cnt1 * cnt2; } } return ans * 2; // 因為是排列,所以組合數*2 } ``` ###### tags: `leetcode` `刷題`

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