C.A.Lee
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    --- robots: index, follow tags: NCTU, CS, 共筆, 陳志成, 網路 description: 交大資工課程學習筆記 lang: zh-tw dir: ltr breaks: true disqus: calee GA: UA-100433652-1 --- 無線網路 -- 陳志成 ====== :::info :mega: Feel free to edit / correct this page :tada: ::: [TOC] ## Syllabus - ~~除加簽者外,上課不點名~~ - 考試時間不調整,分數不調分 - 分數 1. 四次考試各佔 25% - [HW1](https://hackmd.io/mZbgq6z2RLiD6xB4vUXNCA) - [Exam1]() - [HW2](https://hackmd.io/OU9dQriZR8mpTeLQteWzgQ) - [Exam2]() - [HW3]() - [Exam3]() - [HW4]() - [Exam4]() 3. P + L - 3 Lab: 30% - Final Project: 70% 4. L + E - 3 Lab: 30% - Final Exam: 70% - 參考書: [IP-Based Next-Generation Wireless Networks: Systems, Architectures, and Protocols](https://people.cs.nctu.edu.tw/~jcc/book.html) ## Outline ### 1G - 5G - 1G - Analog + Circuit-switched - 2G - 只能打語音,不能上網 - 3G - IP-base - packet-switched 出現 - 可以上 Internet - 同時有 circuit 與 packet - 傳 data - 種類 - 3GPP - 3GPP2 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/1y4VWql.png =256x) - 4G - Long Term Evolution (LTE) - 傳 video ![](https://i.imgur.com/8iLzLiC.png) - 5G - ? - 1-4G 是 person 2 person(P2P) - 希望有更多 device 2 device(D2D) 應用 - 低 delay, 高 bandwidth - 手機在高速移動時的連線 - 軟體化、SDN、NFV ## Intro ### Background - [參考 計網概--陳志成](https://hackmd.io/DapUVL6OR1uqlaJOAKI_qA) - 分類(以覆蓋範圍來區分): - WAN (Wide Area Networks) - 覆蓋範圍大 - LAN (Local Area Networks) - 覆蓋範圍小 - Switched Network - circuit switching - telephone network - 尋找鏈路(連線) - 要確定有 resource 才會連線 - Low channel utilization: - 建立好連線後,只能有一個人用這個 channel - 連線建好後,只會剩下 propagation delay (傳播延遲,物理層的 delay),不會有其他 delay - 好處 - resource 都是你一個人用的,無 traffic,較穩定 - 壞處 - 使用率低(正常通話有 64% 是 idle) - bursty traffic ([非連續的資料傳遞](http://sls.weco.net/blog/tzef/10-jan-2009/12441)) - 傳資料正常時都是 low usage,會有間斷的突然高峰 - packet switching - 切小塊封裝 packet - 多人共用連線 - same destination 不一定走 same route - 不一定照順序收到,最後再組合回來就好 - 可能會掉包 - 重傳 (TCP) -- non-real time,穩定 - 算了 (UDP) -- real time,XNET - packet - header: 控制(要跳的資訊等等) - payload: 資料 - 好處 - Greater efficiency for bursty traffic - 可以確保 packet 都丟出去,但是這樣可能會有 delay - 也可以選擇不要確保都收到 (UDP),就比較少 delay - 可以有 priority (在Header設定) ### Evolution of Wireless Networks - Wireless 種類 - 理論上傳得越遠,資料量會低 - Personal Area Networks (PANs) - Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) - Low-tier wireless systems - High-tier wireless systems(要執照) - Public wide-area (high-tier) cellular radio systems <- 這堂課主要要講的 - Mobile satellite systems(衛星電話) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/1OJmXvN.png) - IEEE 802.xx: 區域網路 - [PANs (Personal Area Networks)](https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/chi-blog-WPAN) - Short-range low-power radios(短距離使用) - ex. Bluetooth, ZigBee - IEEE 802.15 - WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks) - 頻段可以自己改,但是沒有管制了話,容易跟別人衝到 (License) - 有些頻段不需要 - ex. ISM -- USA - ex. 2.4GHz, 5.7GHz -- TW (2.4GHz[微波爐], 5GHz) - 以上兩個頻段在台灣不用申請執照也可以用 - IEEE 802.11: 最廣泛使用 - Architecture (兩種) - Ad hoc (Independent network) - 直連 (Direct communication) - One BSS (basic service set) - 802.11網路最基本的組件我們稱之為基本服務集(BSS) - 軍事戰爭用 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/FTqVvYt.png =300x) - Infrastructure - AP (access point) and stations - Distribution System - 802.11 收到無線網路資訊(Distribution System) - 802.3 打進有線網路(Core network) - multiple BSS connected together form an ESS (extended service set) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/X3ENprj.png =300x) - 重疊區:handoff / handover - 低於 n% 時,開始搜尋其他基地台 - 低於 m% 時,轉到其他基地台 - n > 50 > m - (if m == 50) -> 可能會不斷換基地台 (ping-pong效應) - cellular network: 分散區的樣式 - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Frequency_reuse.svg) - Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Certification - Wi-Fi 只是經過 wifi 這個非營利組織**認證**過的 802.11 的產品 - Low-Tier Wireless Systems - 設計給行人(有移動速度) - 室外小於 500m,室內小於 30m - 辦公室 or 住宅的無線通訊 - Cordless Telephone (無線的電話), Second Generation (CT2) - UK 設計 - circuit-switch voice - Digital European Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) <- 台灣使用 - EU 設計 - circuit-switch voice & data service - 如果要佈給大眾,基地台需要佈建的比較密(Provide public services) - Personal Access Communications Systems (PACS - Telcordia (then, ++Bellcore++) 設計 - Personal Handyphone System (PHS) <- 台灣使用 - JP 設計 - voice + data service - 384Kbps channel rate - High-Tier Wireless Network - 大範圍的 Provide public mobile services,可以支援步行 & 車輛速度 - 由以下兩點組成 - RAN(無線電接入網絡):為移動用戶提供接入核心網絡的無線電資源 - cell 的直徑可以超過 10 km - Core Network: 讓 RAN 互連,以及連出到其他網路 - 1G - 5G ### Generation #### 1G - Analog radio(類比,較易衰減) + circuit-switched + networking technologies - 三種標準 - Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) <- 台灣使用 - 就算兩家公司都用AMPS,也不一定能互通(Core Network做得不好) - Total Access Communications Services (TACS) <- 英國使用 - Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) <- 北歐使用 #### 2G - Digital + circuit-switched - Core network 出現標準了 - 除了 circuit-switched voice 之外,還啟用了第一批移動數據和移動互聯網服務 - GSM -- 歐洲 <- 台灣使用 - RAN (radio-access-network digital) + core network (circuit-switched) - 900MHz, 1800MHz(Europe) - 800MHz, 1900MHz(United States) - 服務 - circuit-switched voice - 9.6 Kbps circuit-switched symmetric channel as a data connection to access the Internet - IS-136/IS-95 + IS-41 -- 北美 - RAN - IS-136 (TDMA) - IS-95 (CDMA) - Core Network - IS-41 (circuit-switched) - support roaming(漫游) - PDC (Personal Digital Cellular network) -- 日本 - TDMA(時間排程多工) - CDMA([分碼多重進接](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%A2%BC%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E9%80%B2%E6%8E%A5) -- 編碼不同) - power control很重要 - FDMA(頻率排程) -- [參考](https://hackmd.io/DapUVL6OR1uqlaJOAKI_qA#02phy) - 以上分法主要目的:讓多人同時傳輸 #### 2.5G - 手機支援連上 Internet 時,出現了 **GPRS** 的協定,將手機的 circuit-switched 轉換成一些 packet-switched - EDGE: 同上 #### 3G - **IP based** <- 最重要 (Evolutionary rather than revolutionary,演化而非革命) - QoS (quality-of-service) -- [參考](http://blog.csdn.net/shuijingshizhe/article/details/53188300) - 3G 有 circuit switch (voice),也有 packet switch (data) - 3GPP (Third-Generation Partnership Project) <- 歐洲人成立 - 容納 GSM - Wideband-CDMA (WCDMA) -- 為了避過 CDMA 的專利 - 3GPP2 (Third-Generation Partnership Project2) <- 北美人成立 - 容納 IS-41 - cdma2000 #### Summary - ![](https://i.imgur.com/abOr6fr.png) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/A6XwvM7.png) #### 3.5G - 3GPP High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) - HSPA+ - MIMO - 多個天線 - multipul input / multipul output - 實際:不會直接加疊,會互相干擾 - 3GPP2 Evolution - Data Optimized (EV-DO) - 美國 - eHRPD + EPC #### 4G - WiMAX -- 死 - LTE(Long Term Evolution) - All IP - LTE-A (LET-Advance) #### 5G - 5G, will be about intelligent networks that can handle ==billions of connected devices== while remaining stable and operational. - SDN (Software Defined Networking) 軟體定義網路 - NFV (network function virtualization) 網路功能虛擬化 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/3b4Ofsp.png) - 5 Horizontal Topics: - (D2D) Device-to-Device Communication - (MMC) Massive Machine Communications (ex. IoT) - (MN) Moving Networks (ex. 高鐵) - (UDN) Ultra-dense Networks (超密集,訊號強,需減少干擾) - (URC) Ultra-reliable Communications #### 標準 - IMT(International Mobile Telecommunications): 統一制定標準的組織 - 符合 IMT 標準的,才可以叫 3G - 第三代行動通訊技術,簡稱3G,規格名稱IMT-2000 - 不管如何實作 - 有些人說符合 IMT-Advance 的就可以叫 4G - 100Mbps for high mobility - 1Gbps for low mobility - 3GPP (www.3gpp.org) - R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 - 3GPP 這個組織一直在更新 spec - ![](https://i.imgur.com/x0hjDsk.png) - TSGs (Technical Specification Groups) - RAN (Redio Access Network) - SA (Service and ...) - CT (Core Network & Terminals) - GERAN (GSM - EDGE) - Spec - TS -- Technical Specifications - TR -- Technical Report (只是 report,幫你了解 TS,主要還是要看 TS) - Rn(R4, R5, ...): Release - Freeze: 在這個時間後,不會再動 Spec - 第一個 - 3G -- R4 - 4G -- R8 - Evolved Packet System (EPS) - [參考](http://www.txrjy.com/thread-459496-1-1.html) - SAE(System Architecture Evolution) (core network) - packet-switched only - AIPN:"all-IP" network (只有 packet switched) - LTE (Long Term Evolution) (radio) - 同時容納 3GPP2 - 5G Architecture -- R15 - Non-Standalone (NSA) - Use **4G EPC** as the core network - Standalone (SA) - the first set of 5G standards - Service Based Architecture (SBA) - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) - 3GPP 的 multicast 標準 - unicast:一對一傳播 - broadcast:一對多(所有人都收到) - multicast:一對多(自己決定接收者) - 3GPP2 - REV(=revolution) - Rev 0, Rev A, Rev B, Rev C - 然後死了 QQ - [IETF](www.ietf.org/) (一個大型開放的國際社區) - For Internet - RFC(Request for Comments)有人提出的標準 - IP / TCP / UDP ## 2G - 1G Core network 沒標準 - 2G Core network 出現標準 ![](https://i.imgur.com/155tIf5.png) - 2G 架構 - PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network 公用交換電話網路) - 2G 的 core network - circuit-switched - SS#7: Signalling System No.7 - 有線網路 - circuit-switched 標準 - MAP (Mobile Application Part) - wireless 部份的標準 - 以下是 MAP 的流程 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/RZxqCC0.png) - HLR (Home Location Register,一個中心資料庫) - 手機移動時只跟 HLR 報告 - VLR (Visitor location register,一個資料庫) - 先透過 VLR 作溝通註冊,VLR 再去跟 HLR 報告 - 如果是去到不同電信業者的 BS 時,先跟不同電信的 VLR 註冊,再回到原來電信的 HLR - or 台北的 VLR 再回到新竹的 HLR - AuC(Authentication Centre):認證 - EIR:硬體序號 (IMEI) 註冊,分別不同 Device - D/G/C/E/B/H/F/I/...: interface - ![](https://i.imgur.com/vj9IXCM.png) - BS - Base Station - 1 個 BSC 連到數個 BTS - BSC: Base Station ==Controller== - BTS: Base ==Transceiver== Station - ![](https://i.imgur.com/8tTwX8f.png) - MSC (Mobile Switching Center) - 負責管 BS - MSC 會連回 PSTN - Handoff (換手) - Mobile-controlled handoff (MCHO) - 手機量訊號,自己決定要不要換訊號 - 手機沒有全盤資訊,不利於全盤規劃 - 手機只要自己 handle 自己的部分就好了 - DECT, PACS - 優:對網路負擔輕 - 缺:對網路沒有全盤的了解,可能做錯決定令網路負擔變重 (ex. 這個基地台很 traffic 了) - Network-controlled handoff (NCHO) - 基地台量訊號決定手機要不要換訊號 - 基地台比較有全盤的視角 - 基地台需要定時測量每一台機器 - CT-2 Plus, AMPS - 優:基地台對網路了解,容易決定 - 缺:基地台 loading 重 - Mobile-assisted handoff (MAHO) - 手機量完訊號,回報給基地台,由基地台決定要不要 Handoff - GSM, IS-95(CDMA) - Handoff 種類 - Hard Handoff - 把舊的基地台連線切掉,再連線到新的基地台 (Break-before-make) - 優 : 系統設計較簡單 - 缺 : 可能會有空窗期 - Soft Handoff (Inter-cell) - 先連到新的基地台,再切斷舊的基地台 - 優 : 連線不會斷 - 缺 : 系統設計較困難、同時連到多個網路會有干擾,網路端也會有問題產生(迴圈) - CDMA 之後出來,可同時連上 7 台基地台 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/ApMyBva.png) - 下載 (Forward Link): - SDU (Selection and Distribution Unit) 把資料都丟下去,手機利用 L1 的方式,把資料 conbine 起來 - [我猜] SDU 會 copy 兩份資料兩邊都丟一樣的(因為是由手機測訊號,所以 SDU 不會知道哪邊的訊號比較好丟那個 link),手機在過度帶(將要做 handoff)所以也不知道哪邊的訊號會比較強,就直接把兩個訊號加疊起來,得到的最終訊號大概就是對的了 - 上傳 (Reverse Link): - 手機上到 SDU,SDU 用 L2 方式(RLP)把資料 conbine 起來 - [我猜] 因為手機知道哪個訊號比較好,手機可以總是丟訊號比較好的地方,那可是手機會移動,SDU不知道這時候是從哪個 link 上來,所以用 header 排出 packet order - ![](https://i.imgur.com/iq8jAUN.png) - RLP (Radio Link Protocol) - 第二層 - Soft Handoff(Inter-sector) - Soft-Softer - Roaming (漫遊) - 功能:換 Domain - Home Domain - Visit Domain - ![](https://i.imgur.com/05clF59.png =400x) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/S9hCRG8.png =400x) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/eyvzR72.png =400x) - Roaming Broker: 跟我簽約的人,就可以跟**全世界**跟我簽約的人互通 ### ---------------2020第一次考試分隔線--------------- ## 3G - Network 架構分以下三部分 - Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) - Radio Access Networks (RANs) - Core Network (CN) - 可以向下支持 2G 的 RAN - HLR 被封裝到 HSS - ![](https://i.imgur.com/RTbHUaO.png) - CN - CS Domain - PS Domain - IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) - packet switch 用來傳語音的 (real-time) - RANs - (2G)GERAN (GSM/EDGE RAN): - circuit-switch - BSS(Base Station Subsystem) - BTS - BSC - (3G)UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial RAN): - packet-switch - RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) - Node B (類似 BTS) - RNC(Radio Network Controller)(類似 BSC) - User Equipment (UE) - 2G 時叫 MS (mobile station) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/HMKyBJi.png =400x) - USIM(3G):SIM(2G) 卡 - ME:還沒裝 SIM 卡的機器 - TE 比較類似 protocol 部分(偏軟體) - MT 偏硬體 - TA 偏天線 - Identifiers - IMEI (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity): - 硬體序號 for 手機 - IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity):SIM card 序號 - 電信業者拿來收錢的 - 非必要不拿來傳輸 (有 leak private key 可能) - TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) - 用 IMSI 算出一個暫時的 TMSI - 4-octet number - 用 MSC/VLR or SGSN 算出來 - P-TMSI: packet-switch 在用的 - IP - single or multiple - 只有需要時才會被 assign - circuit-switched CN (core network) 內有 - SS#7 是 circuit-switched 的標準 - singaling system no. 7 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/ahNNUDV.png =300x) - 與 2G 不同的地方 - switching (轉送) vs. call control - switch 與 control 分離 (SDN) - Scalibility (擴展性) 會變好 - Reliability (可靠性) 也會變好 - MSC Server (controller): - call control and mobility management - CS Media Gateway (CS-MGW) - circuit switching - media conversion - payload processing - ... - control plane -- singling message - 用來作 call control - user/data plane -- switching - pros: - **circuit switching** **scability**. - two plane independent, protocol more easier. - note: In 5G, two plane is for **packet switching** scability - Packet-Switched CN - 主要要做三件事情 - Network access control - 控制 ACL - Packet routing and transport - Mobility management - track 位置 (VLR, HLR) - initating paging (知道使用者在哪個基地台下) - 維護 up-to-date routes - 流程: IP 從 internet 用 routing 來到 GGSN,GGSN 打 tunnel 到 SGSN,SGSN 再打 tunnel 到 RNC(Radio) - SGSN (==Serving== GPRS Support Node) - CN 往手機端連的 GW - 處理 ACL - 處理位置 - report 到 HLR - Routing - Paging - [參考](http://xdxdd.blogspot.tw/2012/08/lte-paging-proccess.html) - GGSN (==Gateway== GPRS Support Node) - CN 到 Internet 的 GW - packet 在 CN 的走法不是 routing table,而是 Tunnel,IP packet 只是用來背資料的 - Tunnel - 在 IP packet 外層再封裝一層,保證路徑是你要的,而不是讀 routing table 任意傳送 - Internet 常見 Tunnel 有三種 (header 差別) - IP-in-IP: 在 packet 外面多封裝一層 ip header - Minimum encapsulation: 有些 header 不需要重複使用,指封裝需要的 - Generic routing encapsulation(GRE): [參考](https://www.incapsula.com/blog/what-is-gre-tunnel.html) - 3GPP 都不是,用的是 GTP - 因為手機會移動,又要配合 ip protocol,因此會使用 tunnel 來處理 GGSN 到手機部分 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/Xkp6wHO.png =200x) - packet route 的中心 - 所有在 PLMN 的 packet 都會跑到 GGSN - 就算是手機給手機,同一個 Base Station,也一定會來到 GGSN 再下來,因為 GGSN 才知道誰在哪裡 => delay 比較長 - SGSN 與 GGSN 都有 - IP address - SGSN Number, GGSN Number - IP Multimedia subsystem(IMS) - 支援 real time voice / multimedia - Session Initiation Protocol(SIP) - Information Server - CS, PS 共用 - HSS(Home Subscriber Server) - HLR - user subscription DB - AuC(Authentication Center) - 作身分認證 - 廠商用 AuC 收費 - EIR(Equipment Identity Register) - 存 IMEIs(硬體序號)的 - 3G 四個主要部分 - RAN (Radio 部分) - RAN-to-CN - CS CN(Circuit) - Iu-CS (3G 時代的) - 還是支援很多 MAP(Circuit Switch 標準) - PS CN(Packet) - Iu-PS - ![](https://i.imgur.com/JdCNvQB.png =400x) - 協定 - RAN 端 - GERAN(2G 時代) - Abis (BSC 到 BTS) - Um (BTS 到 MT) - UTRAN(3G 時代) - Iub - RNC 到 NodeB 的協定 - Iur - RNC 與 RNC 溝通 - 邏輯 Interface - 實際上可能先跑到 SGSN 再下來 - control plane - Uu - NodeB 到 MT(mobile) - RAN-to-CN - GERAN - A or IuCS: Circuit switch - G or IuPS: Packet switch - UTRAN - 確定用 IuCS 與 IuPS - ![](https://i.imgur.com/2G1NAWX.png =400x) - Tunnel - ![](https://i.imgur.com/JU0M1zl.png =400x) - 3GPP Bearers - 將傳輸分成 3 部分 - 拆開來比較簡單 - 抽象化 - 各段有新的技術,其他段不用改 - 有利於流動性管理(mobility management) - Radio access bearer(RAB) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/wPeqSah.png =600x) - Radio bearer (RRC) - Signaling Radio Bearer (虛線) - Traffic Radio Bearer (實線) - Iu bearer (RANAP) - Iu Signaling - Control Plane (虛線) - Iu Traffic - Data Plan(User Plane) (實線) - CN bearer - Packet Data Protocol - PDP(Packet Data Protocol) - 類似手機端的 IP Protocol - 3GPP PS CN Domain 交換 packets - PDP Context(內容) - 用來幫助送資料的 (header?) - PDP address (可以想像成IP address) - (以前還有其他,but IP 獨大後,就變成 IP 了) - Routing Info. - (APN, Access Point Name) - QoS Profiles - ex. 學生專案、吃到飽... - PDP States - ACTIVE State - 可以讓某些 bearer 保持工作 - CN Bearer 一定要存在 - 因為要找User - RAB 不一定要存在 (省資源) - 用電量大到小 (傳輸>接收>睡眠) - INACTIVE State - 省資源 - 不會作 location update => 用 paging - SGSN initating paging - ![](https://i.imgur.com/YM6YWvC.png =400x) - PDP Transition - PDP Context Activation - PDP Context Modification - 修改 PDP Address、QoS屬性 - R5 允許 GGSN-initiated PDP Context modify - PDP Context Deactivation - PDU(Packet Data Unit) - 類似手機端的 packet - 透過 traffic bearer 傳遞 - 3GPP Packet Switch 步驟 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/UXyEA86.png =400x) - GPRS Attach (手機到 SGSN) [第一步] - 與 SGSN 註冊 - 提供認證與服務需求(authenticated and authorized) - 建立 Mobility Management Context (手機到 SGSN) - 建立 ==signaling connection== (手機到 SGSN) - 允許使用 SGSN 提供給手機的服務 (ex. 簡訊, paging) - PDP Context Activation & RAB (RAN 端的 Tunnel) [第二步] - 建起來之後,就可以傳收資料 - Register IMS [第三步] - (optional,只有在需要傳 Real-time 才需要作) - Packet Routing - Internet 到 GGSN 用 routing table - GGSN 之下都用 GTP (Tunnel) - Host-Specific routes - 系統都幫忙維護好到手機的路徑了 - active PDP context 時才要維護 - ID 對照 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/Q8aQT1v.png =400x) - 反正最後都是用 GTP 的 Tunnel Endpoint Identifier(TEID) 作辨識 - PDP Address - 跟 DHCP 87% 一樣 - 主要問題在,如何知道分配 Address 的 Server - 流程 - GPRS Attach (要連到 SGSN) - Call Flow: - ![](https://i.imgur.com/rYN3Aeh.png =400x) - Attach Request - 辨識:用 P-TMSI or IMSI - P-TMSI Signature 簽章 - GPRS Attach 是模仿 IMSI Attach - ==需要講你是誰,全部做完會收到 Attach Ack== - PDP Context Activation and Modification - PDP Address allocation - CN Bearer 建立 - RAB Assignment - 三種方法 (前兩種都是作 active) - Mobile-Initiated PDP Context Activation and Modification - ![](https://i.imgur.com/R2FlhRe.png =400x) - 6、7 是 optional - Network-Request PDP Context Activation - ![](https://i.imgur.com/7TZs0cG.png =400x) - GGSN 送一個 msg 給 mobile,叫 mobile 做 mobile-initiated PDP context activation - GGSN 需要有手機的 *static* information (ex. IMSI),才能拿去問 HLR 位置 - PDP Context-Modification - ![](https://i.imgur.com/GZbRr16.png =400x) - PDP Address 只有 GGSN 可以改 - QoS 大家都可以改 - APN (Access Point Name) - 特定 Service 的名字 (ex. DHCP) - 應該類似 DNS (?) - DNS 可以把 APN 轉換成 IP address - PS Domain Protocol Stacks - (OSI 七層架構就是一種 protocol stack) - Gn, Gp interface - ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZpabSwM.png) - Gn: 相同 PLMN 中,SGSN 與 GGSN / SGSN 與 SGSN 溝通 - Gp: 不同 PLMN 中,SGSN 與 GGSN 溝通 - GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) - GTP-C - control plane - 處理 GTP-U tunnels, PDP contexts, location, mobility - GTP-U - user/data plane - 建立並處理 GTP tunnels - GTP Messages - Tunnel Management - Location - Mobility - Path - GTP header - ![](https://i.imgur.com/cyGoJB4.png =200x) - Version - PT(Protocol Type): 3GPP 或 GPRS/GSM - E(Extension header flag) - ... - 最重要的是 TEID(Tunnel Endpoint Identifier): 知道 tunnel 要從哪裡打到哪裡 - Iu-PS - Tunnel Management - Radio Access Bearer - Radio Resource - Mobility - 3GPP Iu-PS interface protocol stack - ![](https://i.imgur.com/MsfQC6A.png =400x) - user plane 一樣 - control plane 不同 (底層用 ATM) - Gi, Gr, Gc, Gs int - Gi: GGSN 與 Internet IP 連接口 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/CWAFNnJ.png =300x) - Gr: SGSN 與 HLR 連接口 - Gc: GGSN 與 HLR 連接口 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/S5kBYOX.png =300x) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/2kTKlZN.png =300x) - 上圖主要是請 GSN 做 GGSN 與 HLR 的翻譯 - Gs: SGSN 與 MSC/VLR - ![](https://i.imgur.com/M0aPJCx.png =300x) - Mobile 到 GGSN - ![](https://i.imgur.com/wlu3Z71.png =600x) - 把 MAC、RLC、PDCP 想像成第二層 - RLC (Radio Link Control) - 與 internet 的 LLC 類似(Layer 2.5) - error detection - 手機可以有多個 RLC connections - PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) - Header Compression - 壓縮 Header,主要有兩種方法 - IPHC (IP Header Compression) - ROHC (Robust Header Compression) - 把更高階的資料(IP...)映射到低階的協定(RLC) - 維護資料傳送順序(order) - PDP 是跟外面連線用的,GTP-U 是內部連線用的 - GGSN 中 - PDP 內的 IP 是 external internet 的 IP - GTP-U 是幫忙作 Tunnel 的 header - UDP、IP、... 是 GGSN 本身的位置 - (Non-)Transparent Access - TA: - GGSN 沒有包含在裡面,只負責把 packet 傳出去 - N-TA: - GGSN 用了 MIPv4 Foreign Agent - To Internet - TA 版本 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/zGxdjvv.png =400x) - 3GPP Packet Domain Bearer 可以用 [Mobile 到 GGSN] 那張圖取代 - PSDN 外是用 IP routing,內是用 Tunnel - NTA 版本 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/b3ZRuCa.png =400x) ### Mobility Management - Type of Mobility - Terminal mobility - 機器在移動時,不會斷線 - 最大問題所在 - 種類 - discrete - 連線斷後,馬上再連上網 - continuous - 移動時,IP 還是可以用,不會斷線 - User mobility - 使用者移動時,都可以使用網路 - Service mobility - 在不同地方可以使用相同的服務 - 支援 Mobility 時,盡量可以做到的 - Location management - Location Update - 改變 attachment points 時 - 改變 location areas 時 <- 較好 - 這種方法要找 User 時,再做 paging - RAN 與 CN 對 location areas 的定義可以不同 - 種類 - Time-based: 一段時間 update 一次 - Movement-based: 每移動固定數量的 **area** - Distance-based: 跟原來位置差超過固定數量的 **area** - Parameter-based: 自己找參數,參數過標就 update (包含上面的都算) - Implicit update: 在送其他 control msg 時,順便 update 一下 - Probabilistic update: 看機率 (學術上還在研究) - Location Discovery (Paging) - 送一個或多個 paging msg 到 paging area - paging area 與 local area 不用一樣 - 收到 paging msg 後,手機需要 update 位置 - paging 需要在短時間內完成 - 如何建立 area (dynamic, static) - 方案 - blanket - broadcast 到所有,在的人就會回復 - sequential - 一個一個 area 問 - etc. - location update 愈多,paging 越少 - Packet delivery to mobiles - 種類 - Direct - 獲取位置,資料傳給本人 - 壞處,dst 是不會移動的機器,根本不需要每次都問位置 - Relayed - 資料傳給 relay,由 relay 負責送給本人,無須獲取位置 - 壞處:可能 src 與 dst 都在美國,relay 在台灣、relay 的 loading 會比較重 (多台機器的 relay 是同一台) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/iJuYaGY.png =200x) - 整合兩種方法:Integrated Relayed Delivery and Direct Delivery strategies - ![](https://i.imgur.com/sqAFZST.png =200x) - 第一個封包用 relay,之後的都用 direct - Handoff & Roaming - 之前講過了 - Network Access Control (AAA) - Authentication 認證 - Authorization 授權 - Accounting 計費 ### ---------------第二次第三次考試分隔線--------------- - Roaming - Mobility Management IP - Issue(問題) - 主要解決連線不能斷,不是斷了再連的問題 - IP 代表 ID 與 Location - 移動就不能用了 (socket 會斷掉) - **Mobile IPv4** - Home Network (HN) - HA 給的 IP address 叫 Home address (HoA) - 不會動的 Address - 是 Internet 中,手機的 dst-ip - 有一個 Binding Table - 存取 HoA 和 CoA 的對應關係 - Home Agent - 維護 up-to-date location - 攔截封包到手機的 home address - tunnel packet 到手機的當前位置 - Foreign Network (FN) - 提供 MH CoA (Care-of Address) - CoA (Care-of Address) - 在 Foreign network 用 CoA 收 IP packet - FA CoA (MS用的CoA) - 在 Foreign 用的 IP address - 類似一個 subnet 的 IP address - 可以很多人共用 - 例:朋友將信寄至郵局(FA),由郵局再轉交給你。 - Co-Located CoA (mobile自己拿到的CoA) - Mobile 到 FA 的 address - 相當於DHCP - 例:朋友將信寄至你目前通訊處(HA),由你自己收信(靠tunnel)。 - Foreign Agent (FA) - 提供 CoA 和其他必要的配置信息 - De-tunnels packets - Ingress Filtering - router 會檢查 IP 是否屬於該 subnet - 如果檢查出不是,就不幫你送出去 - 沒做 Ingress Filtering 就直接送出去 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/GgbHiVB.png) - 如果回去是走 Mobile -> Correspondent - triangular routing - 如果 Mobile -> HA - reverse tunnel - ![](https://i.imgur.com/VEeJeyr.png) - CH send msg to HoA source IP address:**S**; destination IP address:**D** - CH only send traffic to HA. No need to know CoA of MH.(relayed directly) - **D**: HoA; **S**: CH - HA relay message to MH. Use tunneling: ip-in-ip/Minimal Encapsulation?/GRE* - **D**: CoA; **S**: HA - If MH at home network, MH will receive msg when last router send ARP REQUEST. - MH sends msg to CH *depends on if routers **have Ingress filtering or not**.* - Routers **do not have** Ingress filtering - **triangular routing** - **D**: CH; **S**: HoA - Routers **have** Ingress filtering - issue: source IP, **HoA**, doesnt belong to the subnet of the FN where the MH is at. -> Routers wont forward the data sent from the MH. - 解決: **reverse tunnelnig** - 內部ip - **D**: CH; **S**: HoA - 外部ip - **D**: HA; **S**: CoA ![](https://i.imgur.com/sLIwfhp.png) - 缺點: MH <-> CH路徑拖很長 - If CH through HA(HA in the US) to MH(MH in Taiwan), it's long to send msgs back and forth along the way b/w the CH and the MH. - Agent Discovery - 尋找 mobile agent (HA[一定有], FA[不一定有], ...) - Agent Advertisement message - Agent ==主動定期== broadcast 說我在這裡 - Agent Solicitation - 自己直接問 agent 在哪 - 所有 Agent 都會監聽 224.0.0.11,所以如果 mobile 要找 Agent 又沒有聽到 broadcast,就送資訊到 224.0.0.11 (Mobile-Agents Multicast Group address) - 使用 ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) Router Discovery Message - ICMP Router Advertisement Message - router 主動 boardcast - ICMP Router Solicitation Message - 沒聽到 boardcast 就送這個 Solicitation Message 去問 ICMP - 利用 Router Advertisement 加入 Extensions,帶 MIPv4 資訊 (mobile IPv4) - Mobile IP Agent Advertisement message - ![](https://i.imgur.com/pKYJmmw.png =400x) - Mobility Agent Advertisement Extension - HA 要講的 msg. 就放在這裡 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/y18mBey.png =300x) - Type:不同 extension 有不同編號 - Length:知道 extension 有多長 - Zero or more CoA:由 length 決定 - Sequence Number:一直增加,讓每次msg.都不一樣,防 replay attack(有心人士重複訊息,安全性問題) - Registration Lifetime:可以註冊多久 - Reserved:保留給將來用的欄位 - R:強制一定要跟我註冊,不能用Co-located CoA - B:正在忙 - M:沒講就是 IP in IP - Prefix-Lengths Extension (optional) - 看有沒有換 subnet - ![](https://i.imgur.com/WeeXgzP.png =300x) - 一個 agent 可能有數個 IP - Prefix Length:代表 Prefix 的長度 - ......:代表數個Prefix Length - 找 FA Agent 是找最近的,所以 TTL = 1 - Movement Detection - 最好方法,找底層問 (L1, L2) - Leaving Home Network - ARP Cache - 存起來,限時間,預設20min - ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) in MIPv4 - Gratuitous ARP (無故 ARP) - 要離開 Home Network 時,跟大家說,我要離開了,可以把我的 cache 清掉 - mobile address 移走後,會告訴其他人,要更新我的 hardware address 到 HA 的 hardware address,以後請送資料到 HA - HA 就會 proxy ARP,代表 mobile 回 ARP REQUEST - 進入(Entering)和留在(Staying)新的 Network - 1. 要(acquire)新的 CoA - 2. 跟 HA 註冊(register)這個 CoA - Location update - HA 就會把 packet tunnel 到 新的 CoA - Registration - 目的:MH 拿到一個新的 CoA 要跟 HA 註冊時候用的msg. - 過程:MH 拿到 CoA 送 RRQ 給 HA,HA 收到 RRQ 會回覆 RRP,說我收到了 - RRQ 和 RRP 是 MIPv4 唯二自定的新的 msg. - Registration Request (RRQ) - UDP -> port 434 (TCP 太複雜) - HA 認證所有 RRQ - 不只是 UE 拿來做註冊 - 是應用層(L5) - Registration Reply (RRP) - UDP 434 - mobile 認證所有 RRP - FA CoA vs Co-located CoA - FA CoA - 必需要和 FA 註冊 - FA 可以不接受註冊 - Co-located CoA - 可直接和 HA 註冊 - 'R' flag 可強制和 FA 註冊 - Registration Request (RRQ) - directed broadcast 回 Home Network - 除了註冊外,還有其他功能 - 1.Discover HA 的 address - 2.如果沒有 HoA,會 discover HoA - 3.續期 - 4.回到home network 會 Deregister (登出) with the HA - 回顧: - directed broadcast - broadcast in the **other subnet**. (1~3) - limited broadcast - broadcast in the **same subnet**. (4) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/FobgDaS.png =300x) - S:Simultaneous bindings - (同時binding 多個 CoA,為了同時 tunnel,解決重疊問題) - B:Broadcast datagrams - (broadcast在原來的subnet) - D:Decapsulation by mobile terminal - (MH 不想用 FA,叫 HA 直接 tunnel 給 MH) - Lifetime:原本由 HA 決定 - 0 代表 MH 要登出 - HoA - Preconfigured(預先配置) - 填 0.0.0.0 代表沒有IP - HA - Dynamic Home Agent Address Resolution:不知道 HA 的 IP - (MH 傳 RRQ 到 HA 的 subnet-directed broadcast,HA 拒絕,MH 就從拒絕地址得知 IP) - Identification - Matching RRQ and RRP - 有點像 Sequence Number 防 replay attack - One or more Extension Fields - Mobile-Home 認證 Extension - Registration Reply (RRP) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/ALny4AH.png =300x) - Code - RRQ的結果 - Lifetime - successful registration:會顯示剩餘秒數 - zero:代表之前登出已成功 - Failed registration:若為空,則這代表沒註冊成功 - Returning to the Home Network - Broadcast Gratuitous ARP(更新 cache) - Deregistration Request - Mobile-Home Authentication Extension(security再講) - Fields protected by MIP Mobile-Home Authentication Extension - ![](https://i.imgur.com/QNld1cb.png =300x) - Vendor/Organization Specific Extensions to Mobile IP Messages - 允許網絡運營商添加特定信息 - CVSE - 如果不認得 CVSE,就把整個 msg. 都不要 - NVSE - 如果不認得 NVSE,只無視 NVSE,其他msg. 繼續處理 - Reverse Tunneling - Ingress filtering:之前講過 - Limitations(局限性) of MIPv4 - MIP的優點 - IP routing 不變 - backward compatible(向下兼容) - MIP的缺點 - Triangular routing(Delay 可能很長) - HA Relayed Delivery,可能太忙,會crash - Potential long handoff delay (RRQ可能要很久,從舊到新) - deregistration 不足 - FA only deregister of FoA(MH) by life time. - MIPv4 route optimization(優化) - Correspondent Node(CN) - 可以看成 CH - Binding Cache - Map HoA to their CoA - Binding Update - 送 MH 目前的 CoA 給 CH - CH 直接用 CoA 會斷線 - IETF 最後沒採用,因為安全性問題 - 為什麼要經 HA 來做 Binding Update 而不用 MH 回訊息時直接更新? - 安全性問題,從 MH 角度來看,CH 和 HA 做比較安全,若要和 MH 建立驗證則會太多,相對 HA 來得較少和好管理。 - continuity 問題 - 若連線期間MH又換至其他網域,原連線(MH<->CH)斷掉(退回 discrete connection),喪失MIPv4初衷。 - scalability(量少較好) - **Mobile IPv6** - 和 MIPv4 不同點 - address 變長 - 有 ==extension header(有安全性)== - MH 可以直接和 CH 做 Binding Update - 沒 FA,只用 Co-located CoA - IPv6 的 Neighbor Discovery 可以 detect movement - Binding - 目的:HoA <---Map---> CoA - Binding Update(BU) [FN -> HN] (似MIPv4 RRQ) - Binding Acknowledgment(BA) [HN -> FN] (似MIPv4 RRP) - IPsec (一群security) - **Packet Delivery (數據傳送)** - Bi-directional tunneling mode - 類似 MIPv4 的 reverse tunneling - Route optimization mode (常用) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/s1b6o9Z.png =300x) - 解決了 MIPv4的問題 - security issue(再講) - continuity issue - HoA 和 CoA 都帶著,一個放 base header,一個放 extension header - ***Movement Detection*** - 用 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery - Router Advertisement - 似MIPv4, **not standardlized** - lower layer has better solution, 但不在IETF管理的範圍內 - ***Sending Packets Directly to Mobile’s Care-of Address(CH -> MH)*** - 用 ==MIPv6 routing header== format - ![](https://i.imgur.com/nEozOaJ.png =300x) - Destination Address: CoA - Next Header: routing header - Home Address: HoA - 當 MH 收到 packet 後,MH -> CH - Source Address: HoA - Next Header: destination header - Home Address: CoA - Segments Left - 一開始設成 1,對調後就減 1,這樣就回去了 - ***Sending Packets While Away From Home(MH -> CH)*** - ![](https://i.imgur.com/VgAep3N.png =300x) - 用 ==Destination Options Header== - CoA 和 HoA 視情況使用 - replace the source IPv6 address - 為什麼分 routing header 和 DOH? - 希望 HoA 和 CoA 都帶著,必要時替換,看要取代 src 或 dst - RH: swap dst(CH -> MH) - DOH: swap src(MH -> CH) - ***Formats of Binding Update and Binding Acknowledgement Messages*** - Mobility Header - 其中一種 extension header - 傳 BU 和 BA - ![](https://i.imgur.com/JRYUjWb.png =300x) - Payload Protocol (= next header) - Checksum - parity check(奇偶校驗) - Message Data - *MIPv6 BU message* - ![](https://i.imgur.com/e58jra9.png =300x) - sequence number: 防 replay attack - life time: remaining time of binding before expired. 像RRQ - A (Acknowledge):回 ack - L: 複習IPv6 - H (Home Registration) - Mobility Options - ![](https://i.imgur.com/0KdXIBD.png =300x) - 一定有 CoA - Alternative Care-of Address option:carry a mobile's CoA - *MIPv6 BA message* - ![](https://i.imgur.com/uxv4NnZ.png =300x) - Status:BA 回BU成功或失敗的訊息 - Mobility Options:和 security 有關 - **Mobility Management in 3GPP Packet Switch Core Networks** - **Different Scopes of Mobility** - ![](https://i.imgur.com/Gxpezzj.png =300x) - 樹狀架構 - Inter-Node B Handoff - 變 Radio Bearers(RB) - Inter-RNC Handoff - 變 I~u~ Bearers 和 RB - Inter-SGSN Handoff - **Update** the PDP context - 建新的 CN Bearers - 變 I~u~ Bearers 和 RB - Inter-GGSN Handoff - **Create** a new PDP context - 建新的 CN Bearers - 變 I~u~ Bearers 和 RB - **Packet Mobility Management (PMM) Context and States** - PMM context - a set of information - track the mobile’s location - PMM state - How the mobile’s location should be tracked by the network - Maintained by ==SGSN and mobile station== - PMM States - PMM-DETACHED State - SGSN 沒有連接 MH - PMM-CONNECTED State - 已連接 - 有 signaling connection - PMM-IDLE State - 有些有,有些沒有 - SGSN 只知道 MH 在 Routing Area 底下(大概位置) - PDP Context - 若從 CONNECTED -> IDLE,可以在 GGSN 和 SGSN 之間繼續保持 ACTIVE state - 好處:GGSN 知道 MH 在 SGSN 底下,容易 paging - PMM state transition machines - ![](https://i.imgur.com/MH1uRpw.png =300x) - mobile 和 SGSN 之間的不同 - SGSN 的 PMM-CONNECTED 有 Serving RNS Relocation - Synchronization 同步 - state 不同步時做更正 - Routing Area Update(RAU) - paging - **Location Management for Packet-Switched Services** - Location Concepts - RAN 用 - Cell Area - UTRAN Registration Area(URA):一群 Cell - CN 用 - Location Area(LA):一群 Cell (CS services) - 1 個 LA 處理 1 MSC/VLR - Location Area Identifier (LAI) - Routing Area(RA):一群 Cell (PS services) - 1 個 RA 處理 1 SGSN - Routing Area Identifier (RAI) - URA, LA, RA 範圍沒有必要一樣大 - Location Tracking - PMM-IDLE state - => RRC IDLE/**CONNECTED** - RRC-CONNECTED in CS domain, 但PMM 在PS domain - PMM-CONNECTED state - SGSN 知道 MH - => RRC-CONNECTED - RRC States - MH 到 RNS - RRC 是 CS 和 PS 共用的 - (note) RRC: connection b/w MS and RNC - **Routing Area Update(RAU)** - 何時執行 RAU - 進入新的 RA (movement base) - 時間到期 (time base) - Network 命令 - Network Capability changes (例:加密) - Intra-SGSN RAU (在移動)SGSN沒變 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/n3aKrZI.png =300x) - SRNS (serving-Radio Network System) - Target SGSN 請 Source RNC 把 Data Forward 給它 - 1.先在 PMM-CONNECTED state - 2.傳 RAU Request 到 Target SGSN - Inter-SGSN RAU (在移動)SGSN有變 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/7HcVj0I.png =300x) - 1.傳 RAU Request 到 Target SGSN - 2.Target SGSN 向 source SGSN to 認證 the mobile’s P-TMSI - 3-1.認證為 Positive,跳過 4,把 PMM context and PDP context 拿到 - 3-2.認證為 Negative,做 4,或重新做一次認證 - 4.做雙箭頭(Security Procedure) - 5.剩下的 - 簡單版:舊的東西把它轉到新的地方,新的連線建起來,舊的連線切掉。 - **Serving RNS Relocation(搬遷)** - ![](https://i.imgur.com/4Uqo413.png =300x) - Radio Network System(RNS): 包含RNC and Node B - 原本(左圖): - 舊的沒切掉,用I~ur~ interface tunnel 到 Target RNC - 好處: - Reduce handoff lantency. - 壞處: - Routing path may be too long. - 若從SoureceRNC->TargetRNC~1~-> TargetRNC~2~-> ... ->TargetRNC~n~, Path變太長 - Source(Serving)RNC may be bottleneck. - Source(Serving)RNC 多服務不屬於自己服務範圍的user. - summary: 占用資源比較多,路徑變長,多個RNC同時服務 1 個 user - 超過容忍值後, Serving RNS Relocation(右圖) - 什麼時候做? - 用演算法去決定 - **Hard Handoff** - ![](https://i.imgur.com/oFVulxq.png =300x) - 這是 Network 決定 Handoff 的 call flow - 由 source RNC initiate(起頭) - RNC 可理解成 基地台 - Relocation Request Acknowledge - Target RNC to Source RNC Transparent Container - RRC Message 1 - Source RNC -> MH - 舊基地台告訊你新基地台的info. - RRC Message 2 - 我已經連上新基地台的info. - **Paging Initiated by Packet-Switched Core Network** - 由 SGSN initiate - 有 Type 1 和 Type 2 Paging - **Service Request Procedure** - MH 要求 PSCN 傳東西就是 Service Request - 在 PMM-IDLE state 會把 signaling connection 建起來 - 在 PMM-CONNECTED state 會把 resource 保留起來 ## 4G - Outline - EPS(Evolved Packet System) = LTE(4G的RAN) + EPC(4G的CN) - Rel-5:3G - Rel-8:4G - Rel-15:5G - LTE Objectives - Compatibility with earlier releases and with other systems - 和舊的一定要相容 - 3GPP Architecture (R8) - 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS) - Radio Side (LTE) - 作品:E-UTRAN - Network Side (SAE) - 作品:EPC - PS Only,沒 CS - VoLTE (voice over LTE) - 用 packet 傳 voice - 台灣目前4G只服務網路,打電話用**CS Fall Back** 回到 3G - 3GPP, non-3GPP(such as wifi) (trusted and nontrusted) - AIPN (the "all-IP" network) - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) - Multicast -- 節省頻寬 - Flat architecture - Network sharing - 基地台共構 - 3GPP SAE Architecture - ![](https://i.imgur.com/dh0573e.png =300x) - EPS Architecture - ![](https://i.imgur.com/1TiTCSp.png =300x) - 虛線:Control plane - 實線:Data plane - S-GW 類似 SGSN - P-GW 類似 GGSN - Home Subscriber Server (HSS) - A central database about all the network operator’s subscribers - Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) - 做決策:policy and charging - Mobility Management Entity (MME) - 只有在 control plane - Serving Gateway (S-GW) - Interface between E-UTRAN and CN - Packet are routed through S-GW for intra E-UTRAN mobility - Packet 可以送到 S-GW 就好,不用到 P-GW - Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) - 類似 GGSN (HA) - Policy enforcement - PCRF 叫 它做就做 - E-UTRAN Architecture - ![](https://i.imgur.com/Y64ilgx.png =300x) - 與 UTRAN 的差別 - eNodeB 可以直接對連,用 X2 interface - 沒有 RNC,被 eNodeB,MME,S-GW 取代 - eNodeB - RRC 跑到 eNodeB 底下 - Comparison between EPS and UMTS - S-GW 負責 user plane - MME 負責 control plane - 兩個 plane 可以分開改善(或加減) - Summary - Flat architecture (latancy 變低) - control plane 和 user plane 分開 - PS only - Roaming between 3GPP and non-3GPP - Packet 可以送到 S-GW 就好,不用到 P-GW - ![](https://i.imgur.com/afer4Ix.png =300x) - Control Plane - 第四層(L4)由 TCP/UDP 變成 SCTP (IETF發明的) - S1-AP 在 應用層(L5) - Diameter (IETF 定的 protocol) - 做 AAA 的事情 - Authentication 認證 - Authorization 授權 - Accounting 計費 - RADIUS <- 舊的 protocol - cons: - scalibility not good - not good for accounting - User Plane ... ### ---------------第三次第四次考試分隔線--------------- ## 5G ### feature - D2D (Device-to Device Communication) - 透過其他機器、人 幫忙傳 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/1vYrfXd.png =200x) - MTC (Massive Machine Type Communications) - Machine to machine (有一大堆機器要上網 ex. IoT) - wireless sensors - Low data rate (low power) - low cost, low energy - MN (Moving Networks) - 車載網路 (高速) - V2X (Vehicle to X[可以是任何東西] communication) - UDN (Ultra Dense Networks) - macro(30km), micro(2km), pico(200m), fento(10m) cell - fento cells 傳輸率高,可是很近 => 密集部屬 - 把不同種類都整合起來,達到最有效率使用 - 可能根據不同的行為模式來改變使用種類 (ex. 待在家裡沒有移動、作高鐵時) - URC (Ultra-Reliable) - availability * reliability ### Implement - Network Slicing - NFV - SDN ## Security ### Intro. - AAA - 認證(Authentication) - 授權(Authorization) - 計費(Accounting) - Integrity - 完整性、不可竄改 - Confidentiality or Privacy - 保密,只有授權用戶才能理解(ex. encrypted file) - Availability - 確保合法者都可以連上 (ex. DoS) - Non-repudiation - 不可抵賴性 (log,做過的事情都有記錄) #### Security Attack - Passive - 不搞破壞 - 竊聽、偷資料 等 - Active - 破壞 - ex. - DoS (Denial-of-service) - Masquerade (假冒) - Man in the middle - Replay (雖然我不知道密文解法,但是我可以把他複製重送一次) - Dictionary (字典檔攻擊) - 弱密碼、預設帳密 - 後門 - ... #### Encryption - Encrypt 加密 - plaintext(cleartext)明文 -> ciphertext密文 - Decrypt 解密 - ciphertext -> plaintext - 種類 - Secret-key (密鑰系統) - 共享相同的 key (Symmetric) - 比較快 - DES、AES - [CBC、ECB、CTR、OCB、CFB](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1220751/how-to-choose-an-aes-encryption-mode-cbc-ecb-ctr-ocb-cfb)、[GCM](https://blog.csdn.net/T0mato_/article/details/53160772)、... - ![](https://i.imgur.com/guIpC4M.png =400x) - Public-key (公鑰系統) - 公私鑰分開 (Asymmetric) - 速度較慢 - RSA - use two large prime numbers be the public key/secret key - ECC - 缺點:怕man in middle attack改public key - ![](https://i.imgur.com/zKTj3hI.png =400x) #### MSG Authentication - integrity & authenticate - 確認資料完整性 - 確認資料真的是誰送出的 - 有 key 的 MAC 才能 - symmetric key 了話只能雙方有,第三方有就不能驗證了 - one-way hash - 無 key: SHA、md5... - 有 key: HMAC - MSG Auth. code (MAC) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/JI7McK4.png =400x) #### Digital Signature (數位簽章) - 驗證是否真的某人送出的資訊 - 基本上就是 public-key MAC - ![](https://i.imgur.com/DMlbjSX.png =400x) - Download Public 時可能會被 man-in-middle => 簽 CA (可信任第三方) - PKI (public key infrastructure) - 把 public 放到可信任第三方(CA) 託管 - CA 的 public 預設已經存在你的電腦裡了 - 用 CA 的 public 驗證你下在別人的 public - [X.509](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509): ITU 標準 - CA 互簽 - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Cross-certification_diagram.svg =300x) ### IPsec (IP Security) - 一群 protocols - IETF 定義 - IPv4 選用 - IPv6 必用 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/lxBY2xV.png =300x) - AH (Authentication Header) - data ==integrity==(主要) and authentication - ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) - provides confidentiality services - ==integrity== & ==confidentiality==(主要) 都可以做 - Operation - Transport - Tunnel - SA (Security Association) - Security (key) 的互相關聯 - 一系列資訊由兩個 node 維護 - 要提供哪些安全服務 - 如何提供 (實作) - SAD (SA Database) 存三個資訊 - Protocol: AH or ESP - Dest. IP address - SPI (Security Parameter Index): 用來尋找最終的 SA (同一個 SA、同一個 IP 還是有可能有多個 SA(用不同實作可能有不同 key)) - Diffie-Hellman (DH) Algo. - AH (Authentication Header) - Header format of AH - ![](https://i.imgur.com/qBoSr7y.png =300x) - mac 就是 Auth. Data (integrity & Auth.) - Integrity Check Value (ICV) - MAC by SA - 32bits - Computed over (需要保護的範圍) - ==immutable== IP header fields (傳輸過程中不會改變的欄位 ex. TTL 就會變) - AH header - upper level proto. data - Sequence Number: 避免 replay attack - AH in IPv4 in transport mode - ![](https://i.imgur.com/hRvg05n.png =300x) - AH in IPv6 in transport mode - ![](https://i.imgur.com/FNYAf5K.png =300x) - AH in tunnel mode - ![](https://i.imgur.com/E4O3QD8.png =300x) - ESP (Encapsulation Security Payload) - 把原來的 Payload ==包起來==變成亂碼 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/z8542ff.png =300x) - ESP in IPv4 in transport mode - ![](https://i.imgur.com/KPDBQgs.png =300x) - ESP in IPv6 in transport mode - ![](https://i.imgur.com/2REzobK.png =300x) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/fUIRO6o.png =300x) - Header - SPI - Sequence Number - Trailer - Padding - 補齊bit - 加一些無意義的東西把原始資料隱藏起來 - Pad Length - Next Header #### Security in Wireless Networks - ![](https://i.imgur.com/Liljye1.png =300x) - Security Provisioning - 產生和分發 ==credentials(憑證)== to user and network - In GSM - $K_i$ 為 secret key (在SIM卡內) - In IS-41 - A-key 為 secret key (手動Key進去手機) - Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) - For GSM - ==Challenges== the user (Authentication) - and expects a correct response (Key Agreement) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/CNKS96H.png =300x) - Security in GSM - 3 Algorithms - A3: authentication (認證) - A5: stream cipher algorithm (加密演算法) - A8: cipher key generation (產生 secret key) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/pp2OvTG.png =400x) - Weakness - 不能認證 network - visited system 可能不安全 - 假設 core network 是安全的 - 64bit 的 $K_c$ 可能不安全(不夠長) - 沒有 end-to-end encryption - 沒有 integrity check - Security in GPRS (2G->3G) - 沒 integrity - Confidentiality: GPRS Encryption Algorithm (GEA) - MS <--> SGSN - uplink 和 downlink 用不同的加密方法 - ![](https://i.imgur.com/6lB7aiI.png =300x) - 用到 exclusive or (因為做2次就還原) - 比 GSM 快很多 - Security in 3GPP - Network Access Security - Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/H2YWCl1.png =300x) - 重點 - Mutual authentication (相互認證) - Master Key 可分別真假的電信業者 - 先產生一堆 AV,需要時直接用 - Authentication Vector (AV) - a cipher key (CK) - an integrity key (IK) - an authentication token (AUTN) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/r0401nE.png =300x) - Anonymity Key (AK) - 隱藏 sequence number (SQN) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/5DHn9Ra.png =300x) - UMTS Encryption Algorithm (UEA) - 比 GEA 多一些 input,更好用一點 - UMTS Integrity Algorithm (UIA) - 做 integrity check - 若 IK 一樣 => Master Key 一樣 - Network Domain Security - PS 用 IPsec - CS 用 MAPsec

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