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    # 社會文化分析3/8 - Controversies in Japan and Korea ## 核心資料 [老師給的 - The History Textbook Controversy in Japan and South Korea](https://journals.openedition.org/cjs/968) ### Abstract chat-gpt: 本論文探討了2001年歷史教科書危機,此危機源於歷史教科書改革會社出版的修正主義教科書。我們的目的不是深入探討該教科書,而是檢視它引發的韓國反應,該書被認為是影響所有日本歷史教科書的冰山一角,以及修正主義教科書支持者對韓國批評的回應。除了互相指責“歪曲”歷史之外,對爭議問題的比較分析顯示,與該危機引發的外交風波可能暗示的相比,差異要少得多。與後續版本的教科書比較表明,雙方都得出了結論,以避免類似的危機。 ### Conclusion chat-gpt: 在中國,中日歷史糾紛也有深刻的根源。普遍認為,中日關係在歷史上大部分時間都是良好甚至卓越的,直到明治維新和日本軍國主義崛起,才開始轉變為一方的敵意和另一方的蔑視。換句話說,19世紀末開始的日本侵略是一個創傷,其後果至今仍然可見,但從根本上來說,這被視為是一個異常現象。值得注意的是,教科書爭議已經讓許多中國人相信,日本仍未能擺脫其軍國主義的惡魔,這種異常現象可能會再次發生。然而,這種恐懼並沒有對兩國在古代和近現代存在的友好關係產生懷疑。 韓國的看法明顯不同。對於許多人來說,1910年的吞併標誌著一個長期過程的頂點,這個過程始於明治維新之前,並加入了日本對朝鮮半島的一長串侵略,始於三國時期的大和對任那的主權聲明。這個過程在豐臣秀吉的侵略中繼續,並在19世紀後期的“朝鮮出兵辯論”中變得更加劇烈。 這種對日本與韓國關係的看法,還伴隨著對前殖民者的“國家挫折感”。中國人可以自豪地宣揚他們曾在日本侵略者面前取得了軍事勝利——這種勝利無疑在一定程度上促成了毛澤東不計戰爭賠款的寬大態度——但韓國人卻是靠著盟軍的軍事干預才得以解放。沒有通過自己的努力獲得獨立的滿足感,韓國人發現自己在二戰中取得了勝利,但卻沒有得到相應的利益。 這些因素解釋了韓國人對日本的深深不滿和不信任,而日本從未真正表現出懺悔的跡象,仍被視為威脅。無論是真實還是想像的,這種恐懼都被如詞盟、靖國神社總理訪問等事件所加劇,這些事件被視為日本可能再次軍事化的警告信號。 儘管有共同努力旨在減少分歧,但在兩國仍有人質疑建立共同歷史意識的努力是否切實可行。儘管常常與歐洲國家取得的進展相提並論,但一些學者指出,法國從未被德國殖民,日本和韓國的情況更適合與英國和印度相比,因為共同歷史觀缺乏並未在前殖民地與前殖民地母國之間友好關係的發展中成為絆腳石。 當面臨不可調和的分歧時,強調共同點而非分歧是一種不那麼難以實現的策略,不應被忽視。雖然追求共同歷史觀是值得稱讚的,但不應被視為建立兩國關係的絕對條件,這種關係即使不友好,也應該足夠和平,不妨礙兩國之間的交流。 ## 分段 Molding and Cultivating Citizens 1. 時間: 台灣教科書是怎麼挑選的? 教育是否可打造國民? intro? 文章名: 日韓歷史教科書之爭 本篇文章架構可以分成五段: 摘要、研究動機、文獻回顧、議題、結論 而我們即將帶著各位快速讀過這篇期刊文章,結合台灣目前近況,並且提出我們自己的想法與各位討論。 這篇文章所記錄的時間段? 第一次危機1982,爭議點在於日本政府在教育方面,想要將某些侵略他國的歷史洗白為正當行為。(The first crisis occurred in 1982, and the point of controversy was that the Japanese government wanted to whitewash certain acts of aggression against other countries in their education system and portray them as legitimate actions.) 二十年的安寧過後,在2001年再次爆發了爭議。"新しい歴史教科書をつくる会"試圖於高中提供國粹主義的歷史觀點(attempted to provide a nationalist perspective on history in high school by creating new history textbooks.) 背景或研究動機? 文章: 本文的目的是從日本和韓國的角度來考慮「歷史教科書問題」。我將檢視一些最敏感的歷史問題,以評估韓國政府在2001年提出的相互批評和接近Tsukuru-kai的人所發表的批評的有效性。比較兩國目前使用的主要教科書,將使我能夠確定它們的內容自2001年危機以來有多大程度的改變。最後,如有必要,呈現兩國專家的觀點,將提供一個更加細緻的評估,了解韓國人和日本人在對過去的看法上的差異的真實程度。 文獻回顧 日本於1984年通過學校教育法,但並沒有制定一個統一版本的教科書。而每位教科書的作者都要在完成書籍編寫後,交由教科書審查員審查(但此人員公正性存疑)。私立學校選擇教科書是自由的,而公立學校挑選教科書將在縣市政府教委會的指導下進行(也就是說教師並沒有資格挑選合適的教科書)。 韓國的第一本中學歷史教科書在1946年出版(受到美國監督下)(The first Korean high school history textbook was published in 1946 (under the supervision of the United States).),而在1974年朴正輝為了加強對教育的控制,強行統一國史教科書(To strengthen control over education, Park Chung-hee forcibly unified the national history textbooks.);一直到2002年才回歸"選擇授權制"(暗示了韓國教育政策鬆綁的開始),因此六本獨立的歷史教科書得以發行。韓國的最終做法是明定的兩本歷史書做為必修,其他可能出現問題的教材視為選修。 也正因為如此,日本學者才會考慮到是否韓國有將日本歷史抹黑的問題。 2. 爭議事件: 條列出爭議事件 對每個爭議事件簡介、定義 挑一個最有想法的事件出來討論 3. 思考點: 老師給的參考資料意義? 本次的主題是關於塑造與培養公民,而對於公民的塑造最早就是透過學校教育來進行,在這種前提下學校所傳授的知識就非常重要,若是想要影響公民的素質就可以透過改變教育的內容達成,而改變的方式會因為針對不同的目標而有所不同,我們要討論的這份資料講述的就是政府修改歷史教材的內容結果引起國家對立、甚至是仇恨的案例 為什麼這個議題值得討論? 在人生的過程中教育對於人的成長及社會化有著非常深遠的影響,這種影響不只會影響個人的行為,這也會改變整個社會的風氣,因此政府理所應當會對這件事進行操控,這也代表我們至今所學習的內容多少也經過政府的修改,若是想要了解政府想對社會造成何種深遠的影響,就必須了解過去的相關案例,因此這個議題會是很好的範例來了解政府如何改變社會風氣 和當時背景結合,試圖還原當時爭議點的想法 解法、或是其他人的觀點? 當時最大的爭議是日本當局對於歷史教科書內的用字進行修改,讓內容能夠對日本當局而言較為正確,同時這也代表他們合理化自己過去的侵略行為,而這帶給周遭國家很多的不滿,尤其是中國及南韓,不過同時日本也懷疑在韓國的教育政策鬆綁後也有將日本歷史抹黑的問題,對於這件事情的解決方法可以非常簡單,就是針對可能會有爭議的部分跟其他國家的部分進行比對,了解其他國家對於這些事件的看法,不過這類的問題主要還是與國家本身的想法有關,他們必須要自己了解什麼會是最公正的方法 這篇文章的漏洞? 是否有人對這篇文章宣稱的現象評論? 4. 結論 我們學到甚麼? 分析的方法、態度、訓練了甚麼能力?(我不知道我在寫啥 感覺很有用) ## 分工 需要認領的項目: 1. 時間相關、intro [楊瑞凱] 2. 爭議事件簡介、有興趣的項目開個頭 [楊子誼] 3. 思考點前半 [蔡承桓] 4. 思考點後半 [劉秦滐] 5. 結論 [張婷艾] ## 需要跟助教討論啥 ## 參考資料 [东亚三国的近现代史](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/东亚三国的近现代史) [國教署宣導網站](https://12basic.pro.k12ea.gov.tw/k12eagt/theme/themeAction!themeCourseTitle.so?themeCourseCode=LB2VNY)

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