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###### tags: `海洋` # 水下聲學 --- >7/21 國家代表隊野外考察第二天 >Credit:劉金源、黃千芬 >more info : **[水聲海洋學](/q4Kpyke1RqWIApgPLGOIVQ)** --- 內太空:海表面以下的區域(使用聲波傳遞訊息) ## Ocean noise ![](https://i.imgur.com/K641s88.png) Credit:[NOAA](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/science-data/ocean-noise) * What makes it noisy? 1. 地震(低頻) 2. 海洋生物的發聲 3. 船的馬達、推進器 4. 人類活動 5. 離岸風機 * Wenz curve(水下噪音頻率對分貝的頻譜圖) ![](https://i.imgur.com/0FVuvKe.png) ### 水聲探索史 * 1980s 美蘇冷戰 偵測到超低頻(10Hz)水下噪音 1. 波浪運動? 海底介面散射? 深海傳播? 2. 蘇聯監聽系統部署? :arrow_right: 海底粗糙介面散射產生二次噪音。 ## 水聲基本原理 ### 聲波描述 1. 有連續性、可壓縮性(彈性體)介質 2. 壓縮波 ### 柱面波、球面波 將等相位點連起來,波面形式即傳播方式。 平面波:波面平面,不消散 球面波:波面球面,消散程度與距離成平方反比 柱面波:波面柱面,消散程度與距離成反比 > 有上下邊界,波被限制住無法傳播,球面波變柱面波 ### 聲壓 聲音:壓力差的傳遞,藉由聲壓可表示音量大小 ### 速度 相位速度$C_p=\lambda/T$(相位傳播的速度) **$\sqrt {B \over \rho}$ (聲速定義)** B=壓縮模數(材料越硬,值越大)、$\rho$=密度 > * 純水裡面打入空氣,較易壓縮,B減小,但密度幾乎不變,所以聲速變小。 > 空氣裡面打入水氣,B幾乎不變,但水密度>空氣密度1000倍,$\rho$變大,聲速變小。過最小值後速度會慢慢變大(因B開始上升。) > * 鋁聲速較鉛快? > 因鋁的B大,密度(單位質量)小,但鉛的B小(軟),密度大 ### 分貝 $dB=10~log(\frac{I}{I_{ref}})$ I=聲強,$I_{ref}$=參考聲強(單位時間、單位面積所通過的能量。) $log(10^x)= Bel$ $10log(10^x)=dBel$ ### 聲壓級 Sound Pressure Level 1. $I={P^2 \over \rho c}$ 2. $IL=10log \frac{I}{I_{ref}}$ =\begin{gather*}10 log \frac{P^2 \over \rho c}{{P_{ref}^2 \over \rho c}}\end{gather*} =\begin{gather*}20 log \frac{P^2 }{{P_{ref}^2}}\end{gather*} 4. 由1.得:$SPL={10log({p \over {p_{ref}} })^2}$(振幅平方為能量) #### 聲壓變化過大,以dB表示,可縮小表示數量級 ## 海洋聲學環境 > why snell's law 成立? > 因介面的水平相位速度需一致,故cos or sin(degree)/c相當。 ### 海洋聲速剖面分布 ![](https://i.imgur.com/AP6NKXk.png) * 上層:溫度主導(混合層,鹽度幾乎不變,晝夜日照差異) * 中層(斜溫層):溫度主導聲速的變化(溫度變化大過壓力、鹽度變化) * 下層:壓力主導(深水層溫度不變但壓力變大,聲速變大) ### SOFAR Channel Sound fixing and ranging * 聲速可持續傳遞的區域 * 匯音區 Covergence zone,聲波傳遞後會於海表再次匯集 ### Shadow Zone * 上層聲速快,下層聲速慢,折射下產生無法偵測陰影區(其他的會反射上去) ![](https://i.imgur.com/w3QugCQ.jpg) ### Convergece zone * 匯音區(能量匯集的地方,出現的距離有規律) ## 水中聲音的應用 * SONAR(聲納):以聲波傳遞能量,以航行與測距為目的設計 > Sound 聲音 > Acoustics 聲響 ### Sound source * 水的阻抗(密度*聲速)>空氣的阻抗,阻抗係數差越大,反射越強 * 發出聲音時須考量水的阻抗與傳播 ### hydrophone array * 被動接收水下的聲音 * 後續進行訊號處理辨認聲源 ## Sonar equations ![](https://i.imgur.com/DlywdEa.png) Credit:[Underwater Acoustics, William A. Kuperman Philippe Roux](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302546326_Underwater_Acoustics) ### Active * 訊噪比:主動發出訊號>噪音訊號,可被偵測到。 ### Passive * 被動接收的目標訊號>其他噪音訊號,可被偵測處理。 ## 海洋研究船 modern research vessel ### 裝載設備 1. CTD(最重要,以做環境上的修正) 3. ROV(水下無人載具潛器,複查攝影) 4. 磁力儀(地球磁力線的改變,尋找磁力強區 e.g.火成岩、中洋脊) 7. 聲感釋放器:接收器置於海床上接收聲音,後再回收 #### 主動聲源 * 測掃聲納(sidescan Sonar, SSS):arrow_right: 扇形掃描兩側,高頻聲源;船的正下方可掃描至淺層的海洋地殼(海床沉積物)內的結構。 * 多聲束地形測繪(multi beam) * 廣角淺/深海探測系統 * 地層剖面儀:淺層地質,介質不同會多次反射不同聲波(正相反射) > 介面之間聲**阻抗係數差,差越大,反射回波越大**。 > e.g.空氣與水的介面聲阻抗大,是全反射的介面。藉此了解地底分層與岩性 > 聲源高頻,易消散,解析度高,只能探測淺層 * 高頻聲音傳遞較近易消散(能量耗損快?) * ADCP(都卜勒流剖儀):arrow_right:海流向量隨深度的變化 ### 阻抗係數 $P=(\rho c)u$ $R(90º)=\dfrac{(\rho c)_2-(\rho c)_1}{(\rho c)_2+ (\rho c)_1}$ > 90º=正相反射,若R為實數,反射回來相位不變,振幅變小 > R為虛數,相位改變180度,振幅變小 ### 水下文化資產搜尋與保存 * 沉船聲學影像掃描 * 離岸風場開發環評 * 歷史遺產 * 探測方式:測掃聲納與聲學影像、潛水攝影 * 找石油:需要較為低頻的探測(傳較遠,較能找到,通常用震測方式尋找。) >水下聲學:高頻使用 >海洋地質:低頻使用 ## 水下生物 * 魚類的主動聲音e.g. 雀鯛(in 珊瑚礁環境) * 生物器官運動時發出的聲音 e.g. 腔蝦螯空氣擠壓的聲音(2~15k to 200k,189dB re 1hpa,炸油聲) ![](https://i.imgur.com/XeX0Hsc.png) Credit:[科學月刊](http://scimonth.blogspot.com/2017/07/blog-post_82.html) * 藉由水下被動錄音,了解海底生態多樣性與變遷 ### 魚探儀🐟 * 魚含魚鰾密度低,和水的聲阻抗差,藉由魚探儀聲納可測得魚群的分布。 >魚鰾:魚中保留空氣的腔,密度較低 >浮游生物無魚鰾,密度較高 * 高頻訊號,才可得到浮游生物的分布(體積小解析度要求高) * 海床:阻抗差大,反射訊號強 * 測得魚的回波訊號為凹口向下的拋物線。 > 因一開始聲波傳遞到物體的距離較長,故儀器認為測得深度較深,聲源在物體正上方,傳播距離短,回波能量較強。 > 聲束中心強邊緣短,接近時回波漸強,遠離時回波漸弱 > 陣列越長,聲束越窄(越能分辨魚群) ![](https://i.imgur.com/i16miAF.jpg) # ## 陸棚生態系統監測 * 大範圍主動式聲波掃描,遇物體反射聲波 * 被聽音器陣列收音,經過陣列處理後,可知此聲波由何處被反射。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/vnnfeKc.png) Credit:[Environmental effects of offshore produced water discharges: A review focused on the Norwegian continental shelf](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113620306164#fig1) ## 水下噪聲成像 Acoustic daylight 1. 水下背景環境音(ambient sound) 作為聲音來源 e.g.碎波、降雨、船隻經過等 2. 聲音遇到物體反射、散射 3. 由聽音器接收之後成像 4. 與光源接收後成像原理相似 ## 海床震側影像 * Airgun array 發出低頻震源(<$10^3$Hz) * 佈置數公里長Streamer cable and hydrophones接收聲源 * 探測海床分層,阻抗差不同反射之訊號 * 類似震源探勘法 ### 可燃冰 * 海洋是儲存碳的地方,$\frac{1}{4} ~CO_2~ in~ocean$ * 甲烷、天然氣水合物,新型能源 * BSR : ? ### 全球水聲網路監測 * 監測核試驗「全面禁止核試驗條約」 * six hydeophone station, five T-phase station >T波:地震進入水中訊號 * 佈置三個聲源接收器方便定位,定於SOFAR Channel &深海區域 > 聲波於此區域可傳播很廣,固可接收到全世界海洋聲音的來源 > e.g.監測海底地震、海底火山爆發、核試爆等 ### 深海熱泉 hydrothermal vents * 黑煙囪(熱氣噴發遇冷海水,限制噴發範圍) * http://www.fluidcontinuity.org/research/ventsounds/ ## Conclusion of Acoustical Oceanography * 天氣現象 * 地震監測 * 海底地形 * 海水聲波傳遞與全球增溫監測 * 文資考古 * 水下生物 ## 水聲層析 Ocean Acoustic Tomography * 聲音發收器包圍觀測水區(團),主動遙測 * 藉由計算各測站間聲波時間差(走時差)反推水團性質(走時差反推聲速差,又水中聲速與溫度有關,可反推溫度) * e.g. 聲學監測海洋氣候 Acoustic thermometry of ocean climate(ATOC) :arrow_right: 量測斜溫層底部的聲速,溫度系統不易隨天氣變化,可更明確指示全球暖化的增溫。 ### 地震波監測海洋溫度 Seismic ocean thermometry * 量測T波在海中的走時,被動監測 > T波 : 為海域地震所產生的震波,經由大陸棚或者崎嶇的海床界面轉換為聲波(在S波之後,易造成全反射,固可傳播很遠) * 偵測蘇門答臘斷層帶長期地震波波速監測海水溫度變化 ## 資料庫 * [Discovery of sound in the sea](https://dosits.org/) * [水下噪音測量方法](https://www.epa.gov.tw/DisplayFile.aspx?FileID=7AC01072F5670899)

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