地科培訓筆記
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

      Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

      Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

      Explore these features while you wait
      Complete general settings
      Bookmark and like published notes
      Write a few more notes
      Complete general settings
      Write a few more notes
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights New
    • Engagement control
    • Make a copy
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Note Insights Versions and GitHub Sync Sharing URL Help
Menu
Options
Engagement control Make a copy Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

    Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Explore these features while you wait
    Complete general settings
    Bookmark and like published notes
    Write a few more notes
    Complete general settings
    Write a few more notes
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       Owned this note    Owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    2
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    ###### tags: `海洋` # 海洋溫度、鹽度、密度的分布與變化 ## 溫度 ### 水平分布 決定於「太陽輻射」及「海洋環流」兩大因素。海洋表層幾乎可吸收全部來自太陽的輻射能,且60%被表層(1m深)吸收。海溫水平分布有以下特徵: 1. 各大洋平均海溫:**太平洋 ${\gt}$ 大西洋 ${\cong}$ 印度洋** 因熱帶地區占太平洋總面積較大,故平均海溫較高;而大西洋和北冰洋及印度洋和南冰洋較為暢通,故海溫較低。 2. 同緯度的海域,**北半球海溫 ${\gt}$ 南半球** 因北冰洋較為封閉(有陸地阻擋),較不容易與北半球的海水交換熱量,故北半球的平均海溫均較高。尤其在緯度50-70度之間最為明顯。 3. 副熱帶地區,**大洋西部海溫 ${\gt}$ 東部** 此為洋流特性造成。副熱帶地區大洋西部有暖流流經,將暖海水帶至高緯;反之,東部則有涼流將高緯度海水帶往低緯,故呈此分布。 * **西方邊界流(西方強化效應):** :::success ***延伸閱讀:[西方強化效應](https://popopo.medium.com/%E4%BD%95%E8%AC%82sverdrup-transport-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E7%92%B0%E6%B5%81%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96-western-intensification-%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84-aa7c28f2041f)*** ::: * **暖池、冷舌:** ### 垂直分布 由大洋表層向下,可依序分為:混合層、溫躍層、深水層。其中溫躍層又可分為主溫躍層(永久性)及季節性溫躍層(隨季節變化出現或消失)。各緯度的海溫垂直分布如圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/GOJb0n3.jpg) 1. **混合(均勻)層:** 受動力(風、波浪、海流)影響大,及熱力作用(蒸發、降溫、混合增密作用)影響,能夠引起強烈湍流混合,使該層溫度隨深度均勻不變。此層在低緯約100m深(因赤道幾乎無風),中緯約150m-200m(風速較強),高緯冬季時則在100m深出現一==逆溫層(海表溫低於深水層溫度?)==,且因夏季表溫升高,湍流混合作用使夏季時該逆溫層頂部出現均勻層(但混合深度不夠深,逆溫層尚存在),並稱為「冷中間水」。 2. **溫躍層:** 受到太陽輻射的接收量影響,變化較大的中緯度地區,在冬季因海表溫低,故季節性躍層不明顯(垂直溫度梯度小);但因冬季中緯西風較強,混合層深度較夏季深。季節性躍層生消過程如下圖所示: ![](https://i.imgur.com/So0stB2.jpg) 3. **深水層:** 垂直溫度梯度小,但在深海溝處有時會出現水溫隨深度緩慢上升的逆溫現象。可能是由於地熱影響,或壓力增大,海水絕熱下沉增溫造成。 ## 鹽度 ### 水平分布 海水表層鹽度分布與蒸發、降水之差(E-P)有極相似的規律。其特徵有: 1. **副熱帶地區鹽度最高,並向極區、赤道遞減**(赤道鹽度仍大於極區) 由於副熱帶地區蒸發量大於降水,故海水鹽度較高。兩極地區雖蒸發、降水皆不顯著,但若春、夏季海冰融化,鹽度減小;冬季結冰,鹽度增高,但又有淡水注入,故整體鹽度仍偏低。此外,洋流也會影響緯向鹽度分布。 2. 平均而言,海表面鹽度大小:**北大西洋 ${\gt}$ 南大西洋 ${\gt}$ 南太平洋 ${\gt}$ 北太平洋** 因地形+信風關係,大西洋蒸發之海水會在太平洋測降水,而太平洋蒸發之海水受地形(安地斯山脈、洛磯山脈等)阻擋而不會在大西洋測降水,故大西洋鹽度>太平洋。來自印度洋的阿古拉斯暖流夾帶高鹽水流入南大西洋,南太平洋則是降水多(西風)而鹽度低,使南大西洋鹽度>南太平洋。 ### 垂直分布 ## 密度 # 詳情參閱 [物理海洋概論](/g2d3nYfNSo6AIJdS-JcQng)

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password
    or
    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via X(Twitter) Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    By signing in, you agree to our terms of service.

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully