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簡單搜尋 == ###### tags: `C++` [總整理](https://hackmd.io/@810414/總整理) ## 二分搜尋演算法(英語:binary search algorithm) 再大量資料中,要找到(暴力搜尋)所需之資料是一間非常困難的事, 即使有了編號還是很難在龐雜資料堆中找到。 所以搜尋是必要的,以下簡單介紹二分搜。 ## 原理 * 二分搜也稱折半搜尋演算法,顧名思義,將資料(已排序)不斷拆半、比較、位移直到找到。 * 舉例: 兩個人玩猜數字遊戲時(1~1000)先猜500,比較大小後如果>500則猜750,反之猜250...以此類推...... ## 設定 * 資料分為左端、右端及中端,看成是當一個人再找書的時候,步行的範圍。 p.s 人會不斷走而且走過的路會知道結果,所以左端右端也會動(只找不知道結果的)。 * 以中端(陣列位置)當成拿起的書。 ## 核心 * 藉著陣列指位器移動找到要的資料(陣列[]間的值是種指位器),並節遊不斷移動邊界直到找到所求或者是重疊(代表不存在) * ## 程式碼 1. 製造資料、目標 2. 列一個左端跟右端 3. 使用 while 迴圈 在不知道第幾次會找到,所設置的條件為 : 左端不等於右端。 4. 設置中間端,因為不知道中間段在哪,而且中間段(可想成拿起的書)會不斷變化。 5. 比較 6. 將走過的範圍移除=可走的範圍-已走的=已走的射程端點。在回到第4步驟。 ``` int a[10]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9},b=3; //step 1 //現在資料跟位置值是一樣的 int left=0,right=9; // step 2 while(left<right) { //step 3 (left>right 代表無解 ) int middle=(left+right)/2; //step 4 f(a[middle]>=b) //step 5 right=middle; else left=middle+1; } ``` # 以下待編...... ## 實作 Example: (toj55 By allenwhale 2014/5/18) 鳥鳥寶貴的硬碟都快要被重複的歌曲佔滿了,於是,它用了神奇到不行的方法將電腦中擁有的歌曲編號列了出來,想要知道,它所想要下載的歌曲在電腦中是否已經存在,如果存在,它也希望知道數量,方便做清除重複檔案的工作。 * 輸入說明 第1行有一個整數N( <= 100萬) 第2行有N個數,代表已經存在於電腦中的歌曲編號 (保證可以用32-bit signed int儲存) 第3行有一個整數M( <= 100萬) ,代表鳥鳥預定要下載的歌曲數量 第4 ~ 4+M-1行每行有一個數,代表鳥鳥想要下載的歌曲編號 * 輸出說明 針對每一個鳥鳥想要下載的歌曲編號,輸出一個整數,代表該歌曲在鳥鳥電腦中存在的數量,若沒有則輸出"0" (不含雙引號) * sample input 8 5 6 1 2 4 8 7 5 3 5 6 9 * sample output 2 1 0 ``` #include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; vector<int>s,q; //要不要弄個酷一點的名字?我想不到? int main() { int n1; cin>>n1; for(int i=0;i<n1;i++) { int a; cin>>a; s.push_back(a); } sort(s.begin(),s.end()); int n2; cin>>n2; for(int i=0;i<n1;i++) { int a,ans; cin>>a; int l=s.begin(),r=s.end(); while(l<r) { m=(l+r)/2; if(s[m]>=a) r=m; else l=m+1; } if(s[r]==a) { for(int j=r;s[j!=s[r]];j++) ans=j; } cout<<ans<<'\n'; } } ``` ## here #include<iostream> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; int main(){ int N; cin>>N; int a[N]; for(int i=0;i<N;i++){ cin>>a[i]; } sort(a,a+N); int k;cin>>k; for(int i=0;i<k;i++){ int c; cin>>c; int count=0; int left=0,right=N; int mid; while(left<right){ mid=(left+right)/2; if(a[mid]==c) break; if(a[mid]>c) right=mid-1; if(a[mid]<c) left=mid+1; } int ans=mid,ans2=mid-1; while(a[ans]==c){ ans++; count++; } while(a[ans2]==c){ ans2--; count++; } cout<<count<<endl; } }

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