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    # 20210705~20210711 程式組 暑期計畫 ###### tags: `工作筆記 程式組` ### 魏仁祥 今天是從介紹積分( integral )開始,在第一次的試驗當中(ki = 0.5),因為一開始距離 setpoint (10 feet) 較遠,也因此 error 較大,而加在一起時 errorsum 就會超大所以馬達輸出的馬力也超大,導致機器人衝過頭。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OTQvv1s.png) 接著在嘗試後,它設定了 integral limit,也就是只有距離在 setpoint 固定的範圍內,它才會開始計算 Integral Output。而在設定這個距離時也要注意,機器人若是無法達到此範圍內而開始停住的話,就沒有積分( integral )協助它慢慢地抵達 setpoint,而當然這個 limit 的數字越小越好。 $$ Integral Output = kI × errorSum $$ $$ Derivative Output = KD × errorRate $$ $$ Motor Output = kp × error + kI × errorSum + KD × errorRate$$ $$ Output(t) = kp × e(t) +ki × \int_{0}^{t}e(t)dt + kd × \dfrac{d}{dt} e(t)$$ 在最後是介紹 Derivative term,好像就是試試而已我覺得沒什麼... 我好像覺得這個比較沒什麼用...,感覺就只是輔助用而已,就類似預測下一個瞬間醬 ![](https://i.imgur.com/T8F6j4U.png) :::spoiler my code ```java= package frc.robot; import com.ctre.phoenix.motorcontrol.can.WPI_TalonFX; import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.Joystick; import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.TimedRobot; import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.smartdashboard.SendableChooser; import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.smartdashboard.SmartDashboard; public class Robot extends TimedRobot { private WPI_TalonFX leftMotor1 = new WPI_TalonFX(1); private WPI_TalonFX leftMotor2 = new WPI_TalonFX(2); private WPI_TalonFX rightMotor1 = new WPI_TalonFX(3); private WPI_TalonFX rightMotor2 = new WPI_TalonFX(4); private Joystick js1 = new Joystick(0); @Override public void robotInit() { } @Override public void robotPeriodic() { } @Override public void autonomousInit() { encorder.reset(); setpoint = 0; lastError = 0; lasteTimestamp = Timer.getFPGATimestamp(); } final double kP = 0.5; final double kI = 0.5 final double kD = 0.1; final double iLimit = 1; double setpoint = 0; double errorSum = 0; double lasteTimestamp = 0; double lastError = 0; @Override public void autonomousPeriodic() { if(js1.getRawButton(1)) setpoint = 10; else if(js1.getRawButton(2)) setpoint = 0; // get sensor position double sensorPosition = encoder.get() * kDriveTick2Feet; // calcculation double error = setpoint - sensorPosition; double dt = Timer.getFPGATimestamp() - lasteTimestamp; if(Math.abs(error)<iLimit) errorSum += error * dt; double errorRate = (error - lastError) / dt; double outputSpees = kP * error + kI * errorSum + kD * errorRate; // output to motors leftMotor1.set(outputSpeed); leftMotor2.set(outputSpeed); rightMotor1.set(-outputSpeed); rightMotor2.set(-outputSpeed); // update last var lasteTimestamp = Timer.getFPGATimestamp(); lastError = error; } @Override public void teleopInit() { } @Override public void teleopPeriodic() { } @Override public void disabledInit() { } @Override public void disabledPeriodic() { } @Override public void testInit() { } @Override public void testPeriodic() { } } ``` ::: ### 陳伯豪 這次的影片主要是在介紹PID系統裡面的Integral term(積分項)和Derivative term(導數項) 因為這次的影片算是稍微將PID系統做離一個段落,因此我就順便都打出來吧(●'◡'●) 1.Proprotional Term 。前提:  -希望利用Proprotional term(比例項)來讓機器人停留在10 M(可更改)的位置 。公式:  -Output(電機輸出) = Kp(常數) * Error(目前位置距離目標位置的差值) 。解釋:  -將一常數去乘上一個會隨著移動更改的變數項,在藉由此結果來產生越接近設定位置速度會越來越低的效果 。問題:  -單單只使用Proprotional term(比例項)無法精準的停留在10 M這個位置,影片中測試了幾次後找出最適合那台機器的Kp值是0.5(不適用於其他機器人),要是將0.5套用在上面的公式中會出現非常接近10 M但還是無即時停止並修正的狀況(見下圖) ⇂ Proprotional term最佳效果圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZXb191d.png) 2.Integral term 。前提:  -由於單單只使用Proprotional Term無法達到精準停留在10 M(可更改)上,因此想加上Integral term(積分項)來針對無法準確停留在10 M做處理 。公式:  -Output = Kp * Error + Ki(常數) * erroeSum(誤差值過去一段時間的和,也就是誤差和) 。解釋:  -考慮到過去的誤差,將(誤差和)乘以一個的常數。一個簡單的比例系統會前後調整,因此會在預定值的附近來回變化。通過加上負的誤差值,系統誤差值就會漸漸減少。所以,最終這個PID迴路系統會在應該會在預設值穩定下來。 。問題  -藉由Proprotional Term和Integral term的共同作用,此機器人已經得到精準停在10 M上的能力(當Ki = 0.5時),但是還是出現了另一個問題:在達到10 M前會有一段爆衝(?)的這個狀況(見下圖) ⇂ Proprotional Term和Integral term最佳效果圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/7lkeEDo.png) 2-1.Integral Limit 。用途:  -利用i-Limit值來降低爆衝的量 ⇂ 加上i-Limit前後的比較圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/t9NWuLa.png) 3.Derivative term 。前提:  -雖然Proprotional Term和Integral term已經能夠做到精準停留在10 M上,但是因為在到達前會有一段衝過頭的狀況,所以想藉由Derivative term(導數項)來解決衝過頭這個問題 。公式:  -Output = Kp * Error + Ki * erroeSum + Kd(常數) * ErorRate(類似預測將來的一個值?) 。解釋:  -導數項是類似於考慮將來誤差,計算誤差的一種....東西(?)。這個導數的控制會對系統的改變作出反應。導數的結果越大,那麼控制系統就對輸出結果作出更快速的反應。 。結果  -成功達到了精準在10 M停下來(Kd = 0.1)且不會有過衝的情形(見下圖) ⇂ PID系統最佳效果圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/h6bxySA.png) ### 黃冠穎 看完這周的影片,相較於上周只有kP控制馬達輸出,這周多出了kI跟kD兩個,kI是利用多一個變數errorSum去讓接近10feet的時候能更小的馬達輸出,kD則是多一個errorRate,讓機器人在接近10feet時自動縮小馬達輸出。三個kP、kI、kD一起運作起來才是真正的PID控制以後也可以看情況用,不一定每次都要用kP、kI、kD,可以用kP+kI或kP一個就好,看情況。

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