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    # 三小時教會您看懂NPO財務報表 ###### tags: `講座專題` ###### 法令依據:財團法人: 財團法人第24條第四項 ; 社團法人: 內政部人民團體法 ###### 對價關係:某人付出金錢或其他代價,以換取另一個人做某事的允諾;也就是,購買某種允諾所付出的代價。從法律關係看,私人合約如果沒有「對價」就無效,「對價」是一種等價有償的允諾關係。(https://www.merit-times.com/NewsPage.aspx?unid=18939)捐款不屬於對價關係(沒有義務償還或提供服務)**** ###### 記帳邏輯:每筆交易 ###### 現金基礎制:記帳依照現金支出或收入;權責發生制(應計基礎制):當交易發生,雖然尚未給付或收得金錢,記帳仍計做支出或收入)(現金基礎制優點:掌握現金水位,避免營運風險,缺點:沒辦法呈現真實損益情形)(權責發生制優點:更正確掌握營運(競爭)及財務(權益),缺點:對法規及財會背景的需求較深) 例:延後給付薪資,預付房租 ###### 財務報表: 資產負債表、綜合損益表(收支決算表或收支餘絀表)(餘絀:歲入與歲出之差額稱餘絀) 、權益變動表、現金流量表 ###### 資產負債表 (屬於公司(法人)或不屬於公司(法人)的,差額就是股東的)![](https://i.imgur.com/IbggVUY.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/9wQrjyB.png)(參考: https://blog.nextrek.co/3%E5%88%86%E9%90%98%E7%9C%8B%E6%87%82%E8%B2%A1%E5%A0%B1%E2%80%95%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E8%B2%A0%E5%82%B5%E8%A1%A8/)![](https://i.imgur.com/xfLFMaF.png) ###### 綜合損益表(收支決算表或收支餘絀表):收入-支出(權責)![](https://i.imgur.com/vcq4Yj7.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/Jg6DiKn.jpg)![](https://i.imgur.com/GlIJMGU.png)![](https://i.imgur.com/mpsxf6r.png) ###### 股東權益變動表(企業only):股東在公司佔的權利(財團法人要提供的是淨值變動表)(社會團體要提供的是財產目錄)(參照https://zanzan.tw/archives/4681)![](https://i.imgur.com/g99KO2p.png)![](https://i.imgur.com/GaE2nyN.png) ###### 現金流量表(現金基礎的收入-支出)!(社會團體:基金收支表)[](https://i.imgur.com/wxb2uyf.png) ###### 功能別費用表:指將費用劃分為主要作業服務費用與後勤行政費用;性質別分類係指將費用劃分為用人費用、服務費用、材料及用品消耗費用、租金費用、折舊及攤銷費用等。![](https://i.imgur.com/pY7MKop.png) ###### 營業稅(消費者負擔),印花稅/所得稅 ###### 提列準備基金,當作費用 ###### 代收代付非費用,若不小心納入會被當作收入 ###### 管理費(收入)免檢附,提證明 ###### 其他: (1)細項組成(與業務無相關)(例:廠房出租),(2)組織不想你知道細目是啥 ###### 存出保證金: 例: 押金 ###### 累積餘絀:(陸續賺到存下的錢)不要設用途,因可能已用掉 ###### 基金: 一開始放入,逐年陸續提列 ###### 理監事不能領人事費,只能車馬費 ###### 永續經營:人事費建議在30-50%(低薪留不住人才),資本(買固定資產)(業務端要與捐款者溝通,財務端:為特殊目的基金的提列),收入:鎖定特定者捐款,不要太依靠政府補助(僧多粥少,預算審列,政黨輪替),開創銷貨收入,創造長期收入來源及與社會的溝通(與捐款人對焦,創新,放大影響力)(報科學相關計畫)(超重要的:錢不是萬能,但沒有錢萬萬不能。開源節流, 一方面所做的工作得到社會的認同,另一方面要開創收入!) ###### 學習心得:(1)對財報有基本認識(2)認識法規及節稅方法 ###### (參照:https://socbu.kcg.gov.tw/download_file.php?file_dir=wf_content_file&file_link=WFC_01074_10_20200811_16cWh.pdf&url_file_name=109.08.19%E7%89%88-109%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E6%9C%83%E5%8B%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E5%8B%99%E7%A0%94%E7%BF%92-%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E7%A8%85%E5%8B%99%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0.pdf) ###### 免稅適用規則:(1)不以任何方式對捐贈人或與捐贈人有關係之人給予變相盈餘分配+各項活動支出,應與創設目的有關(2)無經營與其創設目的無關之業務(3)其用於與其創設目的有關活動之支出,不低於基金之每年孳息及其他各項收入 60%。但符合下列情形之ㄧ者,不在此限:( 一 ) 當年度結餘款在新臺幣 50 萬元以下。( 二 ) 當年度結餘款超過新臺幣 50 萬元,已就該結餘款編列用於次年度起算四年內與其創設目的有關活動支出之使用計畫,經主管機關查明同意。 ###### 公益團體免稅標準有關百分之七十 ( 現為六十)支出比例之計算方式: (1)與其創設目的有關活動之支出,包括銷售與非銷 售貨物或勞務之支出(2)創設目的有關收入(包括銷售與非銷售貨物或勞 務之收入 (3)創設目的以外之虧損則不得列為支出項下計算。按當年度之支出與收入比較核計,以往年度之結餘款應不在當年度收入範圍。**執行保留款計畫支出不得納入本期支出**。 ###### 支出比例計算: (支出+虧損)/(收入+所得) ![](https://i.imgur.com/cgeMQHZ.png)

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