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    # 心靈成長-"思考的框架"摘要分享 #中篇 ###### tags: `讀書心得` `思考的框架-總集篇` ## :memo: 思考的框架四:假想實驗 * 運用想像來研究事物本質 * 透過以下步驟 * 提出問題 * 進行背景研究 * 建構假設 * 測試(假想)實驗 * 分析結果並得出結論 * 與假設做比對,並進行調整(或提出新問題...等等) * 範例 * 導演跟 NBA 冠軍打藍球誰會贏呢? * 那問題改成 NBA 前任冠軍跟現任冠軍打籃球誰會贏呢? * 此時就需要開始蒐集資料,進行假想實驗後分析結果,來決定誰的勝算比較大了 * 你可以在以下情境發揮極大作用 * 設想真實上不可能的情境 * 例如有名的電車難題,用來討論道德問題 * 現在只有你可以選擇讓飛奔的火車撞一個受困於軌道上的人還是轉向撞上另一邊受困五個人的軌道,此時你會選擇哪一邊 * 重新想像歷史 * 考察過去事件,和事件對未來造成的影響,藉此學到歷史的經驗與教訓 * 讓非直覺直覺化 * 以建構社會來說 * 哲學家羅爾斯提出了底下的概念 * 為了用最公平公正的方式建構社會,設計社會制度的人應該在無知之幕的後面工作。才能確保最公平公正的結果。 * 以股票來說 * 透過假設你能更理性的考量風險,讓風險控制在自己的能力範圍內,最終把運氣成分降到最低 * 結論 * 假想實驗能認清自己所知的範圍在哪,還有應該嘗試的極限何在 * 透過假想我們可以使決策更精準並增加成功機會,也會更了解決策的因果關係與風險大小 ## :memo: 思考的框架五:二階思考 * 從結果來看,愚蠢跟邪惡其實沒有分別———文學家瑪格麗特.阿特伍德 * 幾乎所有人都能遇見自己的行動會產生的立即結果(一階思考),而我們要做的就是思考結果的結果 * 你做的永遠不會只有單純一件事———取自:加勒特.哈定提出的生態學第一定律 * 科學沒有不好,但科學家和工程師只從局部思考問題。他們解決了部分問題,但不全面,而我們正因此付出代價。———細胞遺傳學家芭芭拉.麥克臨托克 * 肉類濫用抗生素,使得抗生素進到人類的食物鏈,造成細菌的抗藥性也大幅躍進了 * 回顧英國殖民印度的歷史時,起初英國擔心印度的大量的毒蛇,而實施獎勵政策,鼓勵民眾將死掉的毒蛇拿去兌現,結果就是印度人開始繁殖毒蛇拿去換錢,反而使毒蛇的問題更加嚴重了 * 二階、三階思考、高階思考能幫助我們提出有效論證 * 提前遇見可能碰到的挑戰,使挑戰能可以提前被應對 * 但也要小心分析癱瘓 * 不要讓自己陷入動彈不得的情境 * 依照情況,做到適度的高階思考與務實、有限度的判斷,才不會掉進死胡同 * 結論 * 決策時問自己「那接下來呢?」 * 有時花一點時間超前思考,可以為往後節省大量的時間 ## :memo: 思考的框架六:機率思考 * 機率論是唯一可以幫助我們了解未知及不可控的數學工具。幸運的是,這個工具雖然不易掌握,卻非常強大且方便。———數學家本華·曼德華 * 透過機率思考幫助我們的決策更精準、有效 * 要注意三個面向 * 貝氏思維 * 透過找出和目前處境相似的過去情境,擷取外部資訊 * 以糖尿病為例 * 可以透過每年罹患的人口比例來查看趨勢 * 厚尾曲線 * 厚尾曲線很像熟悉的鐘型曲線(常態分佈),但不一樣的地方是厚尾曲線上的極端值沒有上限 * 我們要盡量避免數量級的誤差 * 以蝴蝶效應來說 * 改變一點點後,造成的引響可能會是幾倍、幾十倍、幾百倍、幾千倍都有可能 * 我們要做的就是 * 在不可預期的環境,為我們無法完全了解的世界預做準備,把自己放在可以生存、甚至可以從中受益的位置 * 不對稱性 * 我們要考慮「後設機率」,也就是估計準確的機率 * 人們在估計準確的誤差是不對稱的,通常會偏向「過度樂觀」,而不會傾向「不太樂觀」 * 結論 * 透過機率思考能幫助我們評估最有可能的狀況,有效擬定策略 ## :rocket: 備註 * 敬請期待更多通用的「思考框架」來在後續的內容被接露吧,讓我們下一回見 * HackMD 原文連結:https://hackmd.io/-u3IRPDNR0Kr85ke1-LsvA

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