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    {%hackmd @ioncamp/__style %} # 背包問題系列 https://tioj.ck.tp.edu.tw/contests/70/problems/1508 cp值背包 ## 0/1背包 ### 問題敘述 - 給定 $N$ 個物品,第 $i$ 個物品重量 $w_i$ ,價值 $v_i$ - 背包容量$W$ - 選擇一些物品,使得重量總和不超過容量,請問最大價值總和為何? - $N\le 100 ,W\le 10^5$ ### 解法 - 0 不選 $dp[i][j]=dp[i-1][j]$ - 1 選 $dp[i][j]=dp[i-1][j-w_i]+v_i$ - $dp[i][j]=$看前$i$個物品,在這個重量$j$之下,最大的價值可以到多少(用$w$) - 壓縮($j--$) :::info - **init** - 正確 $dp[0][0]=0$(也可以說$dp[i][0]=0,i\in \{0\ldots n\}$,只是其實之後轉移就會自然的跑到了,所以,可有可無拉XD) - 其他 $dp[i][j]=-INF$ - **答案?** - 正確 $ans=\max(dp[n][W],dp[n][W-1],dp[n][W-2],\ldots ,dp[n][0])$ - **這一點很容易誤解**,在大家初始狀態都是$dp[i][j]=0$的時候,$ans=\max(dp[n][W],dp[n][W-1],dp[n][W-2],\ldots ,dp[n][0])$ 和 $ans=dp[n][W]$ 是一樣的,不過在某些題目不能這樣令($dp[i][j]=0$),所以正確的init和答案就是向上面那樣 :::spoiler code - 一般 ```cpp= #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; const int maxn = 101, maxc = 100025, inf = 1e9; int v[maxn], w[maxn]; int dp[maxn][maxc]; int main() { int n, C; cin >> n >> C; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) cin >> v[i] >> w[i]; dp[0][0] = 0; for (int j = 1; j <= C; j++) dp[0][j] = -inf; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) { for (int j = 0; j <= C; j++) { dp[i][j] = dp[i-1][j]; if (j >= w[i]) { dp[i][j] = max(dp[i][j], dp[i-1][j-w[i]]+v[i]); } } } int best = 0; for (int j = 0; j <= C; j++) best = max(best, dp[n][j]); cout << best << endl; } ``` - 滾動陣列 ```cpp= #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; const int maxn = 101, maxc = 100025, inf = 1e9; int v[maxn], w[maxn]; int dp[maxn]; int main() { int n, C; cin >> n >> C; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) cin >> v[i] >> w[i]; dp[0] = 0; for (int j = 1; j <= C; j++) dp[j] = -inf; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) { for (int j = C; j >= w[i]; j--) { dp[j] = max(dp[j], dp[j-w[i]]+v[i]); } } int best = 0; for (int j = 0; j <= C; j++) best = max(best, dp[j]); cout << best << endl; } ``` ::: - [練習1](https://atcoder.jp/contests/dp/tasks/dp_d) - [練習2](https://judge.tcirc.tw/ShowProblem?problemid=d075) - [解答](https://github.com/yozen0405/c-projects/blob/main/judge.tcirc.tw/d075.cpp) - [練習3](https://tioj.ck.tp.edu.tw/problems/2222) - [解答](https://github.com/yozen0405/c-projects/blob/main/tioj/2222.cpp) - [應用1](https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1633/D) - [應用2](https://atcoder.jp/contests/dp/tasks/dp_x) - [解答](https://github.com/yozen0405/c-projects/blob/main/AtCoder/X%20-%20Tower.cpp) - [類似技巧(進階)](https://zerojudge.tw/ShowProblem?problemid=e900) - [解答](https://github.com/yozen0405/c-projects/blob/main/zerojudge/e900.cpp) - [變化](https://tioj.ck.tp.edu.tw/problems/1508) ## 算方法數 - https://cses.fi/problemset/task/1093 - 答案算出來不能直接/2要去乘2模1e9+7的模逆元 - [證明:為什麼除以一個數取模等於乘以這個數的模逆元 ](https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/972879937180692551/990259615117754468/20220625_221558.jpg) ```cpp= int f(int W,vector<int>& v,vector<int>& w){ int n=v.size(); vector<int> cnt(W+1); vector<int> dp(W+1,-INF); dp[0]=0; cnt[0]=1; for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){ for(int j=W;j>=w[i];j--){ if(dp[j]==dp[j-w[i]]+v[i]){ cnt[j]+=cnt[j-w[i]]; cnt[j]%=M; } else if(dp[j-w[i]]+v[i]>dp[j]){ dp[j]=dp[j-w[i]]+v[i]; cnt[j]=cnt[j-w[i]]; cnt[j]%=M; } } } return cnt[W]; } ``` ## 變化1 - $W$超大$v$很小 ### 問題敘述 - 給定 $N$ 個物品,第 $i$ 個物品重量 $w_i$ ,價值 $v_i$ - 背包容量$W$ - 選擇一些物品,使得重量總和不超過容量,請問最大價值總和為何? - $N\le 100 ,W\le 10^9,\sum v_i \le 10^5$ ### 解法 - $dp[i][j]=$看前$i$個物品,在這個價值$j$之下,最少的重量可以到多少(用$v$) ```cpp= memset(dp,INF,sizeof(dp)); dp[0]=0; for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){ for(int j=1e5;j>=v[i];j--){ dp[j]=min(dp[j],dp[j-v[i]]+w[i]); } } int ans=-1; for(int j=1e5;j>=1;j--) if(dp[j]<=W) ans=max(ans,j); ``` https://atcoder.jp/contests/dp/tasks/dp_e ## 變化2 - $N=4 \texttt{ but }W,v \approx10^9$ ### 問題敘述 - 給定 $N$ 個物品,第 $i$ 個物品重量 $w_i$ ,價值 $v_i$ - 背包容量$W$ - 選擇一些物品,使得重量總和不超過容量,請問最大價值總和為何? - $N\le 40 ,W\le 10^9,\sum v_i\le 10^9$ ### 解法 - 集合 - 折半枚舉 :::spoiler code ```cpp= #include <algorithm> #include <iostream> #include <utility> #include <vector> using namespace std; using pii = pair<int, int>; // (重量, 價值) // A 的長度是 2^|a|,存放 a 所有子集合總和 vector<pii> allSubsetSum(vector<pii> a) { int n = a.size(); vector<pii> A = {{0, 0}}; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { for (int j = A.size() - 1; j >= 0; j--) { A.push_back({A[j].first + a[i].first, A[j].second + a[i].second}); } } sort(A.begin(), A.end()); for (int i = 1; i < A.size(); i++) { A[i].second = max(A[i].second, A[i - 1].second); //他如果放得下那也一定有辦法改成能比他重量小的價值 } return A; } int main() { cin.tie(0); cin.sync_with_stdio(0); int n, W; vector<pii> a, b; cin >> n >> W; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { int w, v; cin >> w >> v; if (i < n / 2) { a.push_back({w, v}); } else { b.push_back({w, v}); } } int ans = 0; // w 總和小於等於 W 的最大 v 總和 vector<pii> A = allSubsetSum(a); vector<pii> B = allSubsetSum(b); for (pii x : B) { auto it = upper_bound(A.begin(), A.end(), pii{W - x.first, INT_MAX}); if (it != A.begin()) { it = prev(it); ans = max(ans, x.second + it->second); } } cout << ans << '\n'; return 0; } /* input: 5 10 1 19 2 22 3 18 7 3 10 100 output: 100 */ ``` - $O(2\times 2^N)$ ::: ## 變化3 ### 題目敘述 - 找第 $k$ 大的價值 :::spoiler code ```cpp= #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; vector<long long>d; long long bit[1<<21]; vector<pair<long long, long long>>gen_subset(vector<pair<int,int>>v) { vector<pair<long long, long long>>ret; for (int i = 0 ; i < (1<<v.size()) ; i++) { long long sum_w = 0, sum_v = 0; for (int j = 0 ; j < v.size() ; j++) { if (i & (1<<j)) { sum_w += v[j].first; sum_v += v[j].second; } } ret.push_back({sum_w, sum_v}); } return ret; } int bit_query(int x) { int ret = 0; while (x) { ret += bit[x]; x -= x & (-x); } return ret; } void bit_update(int x) { while (x <= d.size()) { bit[x]++; x += x & (-x); } } int main() { int n; long long k, lim; cin >> n >> k >> lim; vector<pair<int,int>>p1, p2; for (int i = 0 ; i < n / 2 ; i++) { long long a, b; cin >> a >> b; // weight, value p1.push_back({a, b}); } for (int i = n / 2 ; i < n ; i++) { long long a, b; cin >> a >> b; p2.push_back({a, b}); } vector<pair<long long, long long>>v1, v2; v1 = gen_subset(p1); v2 = gen_subset(p2); sort(v1.begin(), v1.end());//小到大 sort(v2.rbegin(), v2.rend());//大到小 //1.大到小才能維護mid-i.second從小到大 //2.雙指針 //才能使ptr在動的時候再i:v2的i更新的時候(i變小)我的ptr才能保證 //只能不動或向右動,讓時間複雜度變O(n) for (auto &i : v1) { d.push_back(i.second); } sort(d.begin(), d.end()); d.erase(unique(d.begin(), d.end()),d.end()); //離散化 //1.sort //2.unique //缺一不可 //unique 回傳把陣列的重複拉到陣列的最後,並回傳unique之後的後一個位置 //credit: https://www.cnblogs.com/heyonggang/p/3243477.html long long l = 0, r = 1e12; //二分搜價值 while (r - l > 1) { long long mid = (l + r) / 2; int ptr = 0; long long cnt = 0; memset(bit, 0, sizeof(bit)); for (auto &i : v2) { while (ptr < v1.size() && v1[ptr].first + i.first <= lim) { int idx = lower_bound(d.begin(), d.end(), v1[ptr].second) - d.begin() + 1; bit_update(idx); ptr++; } int idx = lower_bound(d.begin(), d.end(), mid - i.second) - d.begin() + 1; cnt += ptr - bit_query(idx-1); //why? idx-1 -> >= x的方法數有等於 //把全部(ptr)扣掉 小於的 //value比(mid - i.second)(全部-v2=v1因為只儲存v1的東西) //cout << ptr <<' '<<idx <<' '<<cnt << endl; } if (cnt < k) { // 價值 >= x 的方法數 r = mid; } else { l = mid; } } cout << l << endl; } /* problem: 找第k大的價值 Input 4 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 7 1 12 Output 19 */ ``` ::: ## 變化4 - 包包容量 $2^W$ 物品重量 $2^{a}$ - greedy - 想法 $2^{n-1}+2^{n-1} \le 2^n$ - 把大的倆倆合併 - https://zerojudge.tw/ShowProblem?problemid=c835 ```cpp= cin >> n >> m; for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { int a, b; cin >> a >> b; if(a <= m) pq[a].push(b); } for(int i = 0; i < m; ++i) { while(!pq[i].empty()) { if(pq[i].size() == 1) { pq[i + 1].push(pq[i].top()); break; } ll a = pq[i].top(); pq[i].pop(); ll b = pq[i].top(); pq[i].pop(); pq[i + 1].push(a + b); } } cout << pq[m].top() << "\n"; ``` ## 最小字典序 - 跟LIS一樣**反著做** ```cpp= // dp[i][j]:= i~n 的物品湊出重量為 j 的ans #include <bits/stdc++.h> #define int long long using namespace std; const int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f; const int maxn = 1e3 + 5; int dp[maxn][maxn]; int w[maxn], v[maxn]; int n,W; signed main() { cin >> n >> W; for(int i = 1; i <= n ;i++){ cin >> w[i] >> v[i]; } memset(dp, -INF, sizeof dp); dp[n + 1][0] = 0; int wei, mx = 0; // 反向操作 for(int i = n; i > 0; i--){ for(int j = 0; j <= W; j++){ if(w[i] > j) { dp[i][j] = dp[i+1][j]; } else { dp[i][j] = max(dp[i+1][j],dp[i+1][j-w[i]]+v[i]); } if (mx < dp[i][j]) { mx = dp[i][j]; wei = j; } } } cout << dp[1][wei] << "\n"; for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) { // 字典序題目特色 if (wei >= w[i] && dp[i][wei] == dp[i + 1][wei - w[i]] + v[i]) { cout << i << ' '; wei -= w[i]; } } } ``` ## 無限背包 - 又稱完全背包 ### 解法 - 0 不選 $dp[i][j]=dp[i-1][j]$ - 1 選 $dp[i][j]=dp[i][j-w_i]+v_i$ - 壓縮($j++$) - $ans=\max(dp[n][W],dp[n][W-1],dp[n][W-2],\ldots ,dp[n][0])$ ```cpp= for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){ for(int j=0;j<=w[i];j++){ dp[j]=max(dp[j],dp[j-w[i]]+v[i]); } } ``` ## 有限背包 - 又稱多重背包 ### 解法 - 把物品拆成 $\log_2k$ - 例如100=1+2+4+8+16+32+37 - 每個都是為單獨的物品做0/1背包 ```cpp= for (int k = 1; k <= s; k <<= 1) { v[++cnt] = k * a; w[cnt] = k * b; s -= k; } if (s) { v[++cnt] = s * a; w[cnt] = s * b; } ``` ### 優化 - $dp(i,j)=\max\{dp(i-1,j-x\times w_i)+\text{cost}\}$ - 單調隊列 ```cpp= #include <iostream> #include <algorithm> #include <cstring> using namespace std; //多重背包问题: 限制每种物品可取次数 //究极优化:单调队列 const int M = 20010, N = 1010; int n, m; int dp[M], g[M]; int Q[M]; //队列只存储在同余的集合中是第几个,不存储对应值 int main() { cin >> n >> m; for(int i = 0; i < n; i ++){ int w, v, s; cin >> w >> v >> s; // weight, value, number //复制一份副本g,因为这里会是从小到大,不能像0-1背包那样从大到小,所以必须申请副本存i-1状态的,不然会被影响 memcpy(g, dp, sizeof dp); for(int r = 0; r < w; r ++) { //因为只有与v同余的状态 相互之间才会影响,余0,1,...,v-1 分为v组 int head = 0, tail = -1; for(int k = 0; r + k * w <= m; k ++) { //每一组都进行处理,就相当于对所有状态都处理了 //队头不在窗口里面就踢出(队头距离要更新的dp超过了最大个数s,尽管它再大也要舍去,因为达不到) if(head <= tail && k - Q[head] > s) head++; //这第k个准备进来,把不大于它的队尾统统踢掉,也是为了保持队列的单调降(判断式实际上是两边同时减去了k * w) //实际意义应该是 g[r + k * v] >= g[r + que[tail] * v] + (k - que[tail]) * w 为判断条件 while (head <= tail && g[r + k * w] >= g[r + Q[tail] * w] + (k - Q[tail]) * v) tail --; Q[++ tail] = k; //将第k个入列,队列只存储在同余中是第几个,不存储对应值 //余r的这组的第k个取队头更新,队头永远是使之max的决策 dp[r + k * w] = g[r + Q[head] * w] + (k - Q[head]) * v; } } } cout << dp[m] << endl; return 0; } ``` - https://cses.fi/problemset/task/1159 ## 混和背包 - 最多取一次 - 最多取 $k$ 次 - 可以取無限次 ### 解法 - 無限多次其實也不是無限,最多也就$\displaystyle \frac{W}{w_i}$次 - 想成有限背包 ## 二維背包 ### 問題敘述 - 給定 $N$ 個物品,第 $i$ 個物品要消耗兩種代價 $a_i,b_i$ ,價值 $v_i$ - 背包容量的兩種代價$W,U$ - 選擇一些物品,使得重量總和不超過容量,請問最大價值總和為何? - $N\le 100 ,W,U\le 10^3$ ### 解法 - $dp[i][j][k]$ 看前$i$項物品,第一種代價是$j$,第二種代價是$k$ - 0不選 $dp[i][j][k]=dp[i-1][j][k]$ - 1選 $dp[i][j][k]=dp[i][j-a_i][k-b_i]+v_i$ - $O(NWU)$ ## 限量背包 ### 問題敘述 - 給定 $N$ 個物品,第 $i$ 個物品重量 $w_i$ ,價值 $v_i$ - 背包容量$W$ - 選擇一些物品,最多選 $M$ 個,使得重量總和不超過容量,請問最大價值總和為何? - $N,M\le 100 ,W\le 10^5$ ### 解法 - 當二維背包 - 把選這個物品的代價是1,總代價是M ## 分組背包 ### 問題敘述 - 給定 $N$ 個物品,第 $i$ 個物品重量 $w_i$ ,價值 $v_i$ ,組別是 $k_i$ - 背包容量$W$ - 選擇一些物品,每組最多選 $1$ 個,共有 $K$ 組,使得重量總和不超過容量,請問最大價值總和為何? - $N,K\le 100 ,W\le 10^5$ ### 解法 - $dp[i][j]=$ 前 $i$ 組重量是 $j$ 可以選到的最大價值總和 - 如果選到組 $k_i$ 裡面的 $u$ 物品 - 0不選 $dp[i][j]=dp[i-1][j]$ - 1選 $dp[i][j]=dp[i-1][j-w_u]+v_u$ ```cpp= //v[i][u] 組別i裡面的第u個的價值 //w[i][u] 組別i裡面的第u個的價值 for(int i=1;i<=K;i++){ for(int j=W;j>=0;j--){ for(int u=1;u<=v[i].size();u++){ if(j-v[i][u]>=0) dp[i][j]=max(dp[i-1][j],dp[i-1][j-w[u]]+v[u]); } } } ``` - $O(NW)$ 因為$K$組每組$x$個,$\sum_{i=1}^k x_i=N$ ## 分數背包 ### 問題敘述 - 給定 $N$ 個物品,第 $i$ 個物品重量 $w_i$ ,價值 $v_i$ - 背包容量$W$ - **物品可以分割** - 選擇一些物品,使得重量總和不超過容量,請問最大價值總和為何? ### 解法 - 貪心 - 依照 CP 值排序由高到低取 - https://tioj.ck.tp.edu.tw/problems/2223 ## bitset - 答案 true false 的可以思考看看能不能用位元運算 - 性質: 背包, 總和 - 取交集 -> bitset ### 0/1 背包 - 特性: 重量,價值一樣,問可以可以達到某個重量 - $\texttt{dp |= (dp << w[i])}$ - [TIOJ 1993](https://tioj.ck.tp.edu.tw/problems/1993) ### 有限背包 - 物品 i 有 c[i] 個 - 把 c[i] 分成 log c[i] 組,用 0/1 背包做 ### 無限背包 - c[i] = m / w[i] 當有限背包解 ###### tags: `algo`

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