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    # 戰傷處置讀書會 第 5 章 現場管理 ## 情境 在炎熱夏日午夜 02 時 45 分,你被派前往一個家庭紛爭現場。當你抵達一個單戶住宅,你可以聽到一個男人跟一個女人大聲爭吵及孩子們哭泣的聲音,警方也同時接獲派遣但尚未抵達現場。 * 就此情境你會擔心什麼? * 在接觸個案前有哪些重要的考量? ## ==大原則:第一優先為救護人員的安全== * 現場評估從接受派遣的當下就已開始 * 評估不是一次性,需要時時保持警覺並更新判斷 * 評估環境 → 評估個別患者 * 檢偒同時評估救護資源 (人力、設備...任何可救護的資源) * 資源 > 傷患 → 先救最嚴重的 * 資源 < 傷患 → 救越多人越好 ## 現場評估 ### 派遣~抵達現場 * 收集資訊:報案者、現場公安單位、派遣單位、指揮所... * 確認同組救護人員的指揮及溝通方式 ### 抵達現場 1. 初步評估現場環境是否安全 2. 找出事故原因及結果 3. 觀察現場家屬及旁觀者 #### 環境安全評估 * 體液暴露 * 病毒性肝炎:C肝、B肝 (傳染度高,容易造成死亡) * AIDS * 罕見事件(如化學戰爭武器) * 槍聲、武器 * !萬華槍擊案 - YuTin * 戰傷 --> 比較多是槍枝,要注意是不是還有敵人 * 要找好掩體,避免槍手重回現場 ![萬華槍擊案](https://i.imgur.com/mWwDXI1.png) * 氣味或煙 (嗅覺 & 視覺) * 火災 (容易有大量傷患) * 洪水 (容易有大量傷患) * 斷掉的電線 * !發現現場漏電如何處理 - YuTin * 單腳跳往後,減少接觸面 * 爆裂物 * 交通 * 機動車輛事故造成最多救護人員傷亡(美國統計救護事故第一名) * 評估天氣、光線、道路設計 * 限制到場救援的人數 (美國體系 : 複數救護單位,第二組保持安全距離待命) * 預先安排救護車內裝備位置 * 穿反光服裝 * 將救援車輛停在車流該線道的上游 * 關閉車頭燈 (避免對向來車看不清楚) * 放標誌 * 讓專業的人指揮交通 * !高速公路 - YuTin * 沒有重大事故時車子要先開到旁邊 才不會發生二次事故 * 公務車停遠一點 * 停在上游也要停遠一點,不要車被追撞之後還是能撞到人 * 隧道事故:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=977JSQgh-a4 * 車の発煙筒: * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_3EyB2wo-g * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ap_QhX9wtBU * 氣車安全帶 : 橫向要繫在骨盆 (例如 : 飛機) * 目前市面上有做撞測的小車是skoda * 日系車車都是上路實測 * 現行汽車設計對小人較不友善 * 攻擊者 * 安撫溝通 * 勤務搭檔之間的暗號與手勢溝通 * 環境還有危險時不要進入現場,視情況撤退或化解、防衛暴力 (執法人員優先進入) * !家暴 !關係暴力 - YuTin * 危害物質 * 危害物質災害現場搶救標準作業程序的級別:察覺、實作、技術人員、專家 * 隔離與除污 * 熱區、暖區及冷區,需考慮風向 (不要在下風處) * ![](https://i.imgur.com/IAJu97t.jpg) * (大規模殺傷性武器也適用) * 伸直手臂豎起拇指時,整個現場需被拇指所遮蔽 * !核電廠爆炸 - YuTin * 戰爭時可能會發生 * 非救護人員無法處理,需要鉛版做的衣服 * 一般人躲在家裡 * 吃碘片 * 災害應變中心會有碘片 * 台北市在信義區北醫旁邊 * !工地現場 - YuTin * 如果有頸椎受傷避免移動,但現場有後續危險還是要在盡量維持頸椎穩定的狀態移開 #### 情境評估 * 發生了什麼事情?是故意還是意外? * 為什麼召喚人員?誰召喚的? * 傷害的機轉,是否有內科問題 * 涉及人數、年紀 * 緊急醫療救護人員的需求 * 其他人力資源(如執法部門、消防部門、電力公司、醫師)的需求 * 特殊脫困或救援設備、直升機 #### 情境 犯罪現場 * 與執法人員互動 * 保存證據 * 避免更動現場 * 紀錄所有行動 大規模殺傷性武器 * 防範二次危害 * 建立管制區 * 除污 #### 事故指揮 * 確認指揮官與指揮體系![](https://i.imgur.com/Admdzhp.jpg) ### 標準防護措施 * 手套 * 口罩及面罩 * 護目鏡 (上列四種為基本配備) * 防護衣 * 復甦設備 * 洗手 (非常重要!!常洗手保持身體健康) * 避免尖銳物刺傷 * 暴露管理 (指病毒感染,血液感染) ### 檢傷 #### START 檢傷法 - 台灣使用這種檢傷制度 分四級:立即、延遲、輕微、死亡 ![](https://i.imgur.com/eW23xLi.jpg) 不是救護人員不能分類 非救護人員可以協助暢通呼吸道、止血、CPR 紅色處理完有餘力還是會試著處理黑色 #### SALT 檢傷法! 分五級:立即處理、延後處理、輕微、預期死亡、死亡![](https://i.imgur.com/JW506ar.jpg) 2018 普悠瑪事件 - YuTin: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pT2P56mA4Yw ### 補充 : * 證物袋分為紙類和塑膠類兩種。目前都有使用。不過有些鑑識人員比較傾向使用紙類,那是因為塑膠袋容易產生靜電,可能會對其中敏感證物造成影響,例如毛衣。 * 另一說是有些濕濕的東西例如血或口水或其他,用塑膠袋會有發霉的疑慮影響鑑識 * 爆裂物也不能用塑膠袋因為產生靜電會爆炸 (by 小五) 台灣人比較會讓警車 > 救護車 * 胸部大量開放性出血處置 : * 美國 :開放性出血專用貼 * 氣胸密封貼 https://www.ruten.com.tw/item/show?22144791478953 (一次貼兩片,前胸後胸都要貼) * 利用紗部背面 * 氣胸要先洩氣或放血 * 胸內大出血(如氣爆事件、車禍)時可以按壓 * 如果胸部出血 + ocha,通常救不活,能壓就壓。大出血先止血再看有沒有心跳,再進行按壓 * 嚴重要出到4-6位救護員才有機會

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