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GeoGebra初學指引

作者:王一哲     日期:2018/8/7



什麼是GeoGebra

GeoGebra 的名稱是由兩個單字組成的

Geometry (幾何)+ Algebra (代數)

這是一套基於 GPL 發行的數學動態繪圖軟體,主要是以 JAVA 和 HTML5 寫成的,我覺得目前的功能已經足以應付高中課堂的需求。下圖是我用 GeoGebra 繪製的圓形波傳播方式示意圖,如果要在黑板上畫出25個點波源以及圓形波前,可能畫完就下課了,但是用 GeoGebra 可以很快就畫好,還可以當場調整點波源的數量。

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圓形波傳播方式示意圖



下載及安裝

以下是 GeoGebra 的首頁(https://www.geogebra.org/)

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GeoGebra 首頁


其中新數學應用經典應用是線上版軟體,可以直接在瀏覽器上面執行。但是我們想在電腦上安裝 GeoGebra ,請按右下角的離線應用當中的應用下載。在下載頁面當中有6種不同的軟體,我選擇的是最傳統的GeoGebra Classic 5

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GeoGebra 下載頁面


下載完安裝檔之後,就是 Windows 傳統的安裝方式,全部採用預設值,一直按下一步就對了。如果不想安裝軟體,也可以下載免安裝版本,下載後只要解壓縮就可以使用,下載連結在此


選擇 GeoGebra Classic 5 或 6?

以下分別是 GeoGebra Classic 5 和 6 開啟新檔案後的畫面,比較明顯的差異在於 5 的下方是輸入指令的欄位,6 的下方則是提示輸入格式的虛擬鍵盤,輸入指令的欄位被移到左側。在運行速度方面,我試著用 5 和 6 開啟同一個檔案,在執行動畫功能時,5 的運作比較流暢,6 則有點卡,因此建議以 5 為主。

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GeoGebra Classic 5 開啟新檔案後的畫面


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GeoGebra Classic 6 開啟新檔案後的畫面


利用工具列繪製三角形

利用內建的繪圖工具就可畫出許多數學課本上面的圖,以下以三角形的重心、內心、外心、垂心為例,線上版的檔案連結為 https://ggbm.at/edte8mtt

三角形重心

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三角形重心


三角形重心的定義為3中線交點,因此我們需要先畫出一個三角形,再畫出3個中點,用線段工具畫出中線,最後用交點工具畫出3中線交點,詳細的步驟如下:

  1. 選取工具新點,用滑鼠左鍵在繪點視窗上點3下,畫出點A、B、C。
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新點工具


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隨意畫上的3個點


  1. 如果要修改點的樣式,可以用在點C上按滑鼠右鍵開啟快速選單,點選最下方的屬性。
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在點C上按滑鼠右鍵開啟的快速選單


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點C的屬性選單:一般


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點C的屬性選單:顏色


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點C的屬性選單:樣式


  1. 選取多邊形工具,依序在點A、B、C、A上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,繪製三角形。
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多邊形工具選單


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三角形ABC


  1. 選取中心點工具,在點A、B上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫出A、B的中點D,再用同樣的方式畫出B、C的中點E,C、A的中點F。
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中心點工具


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三角形中點


  1. 選取線段工具,在點A、E上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫出點A對應的中線,再用同樣的方式畫出另外兩點中線。
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線段工具


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三角形3條中線


  1. 選取交點工具,在中線f、g、h其中兩條上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫重心。
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交點工具


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三角形重心


  1. 選取勾選框工具,在標籤框中輸入名稱重心,在下方的下拉選單中選取這個勾選框可以控制的物件線段f、g、h,點D、E、F、G,完成之後在勾選框按滑鼠左鍵一下,勾選取時才顯示以上這些物件。
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勾選框工具


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顯示/隱藏物件選單


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加上勾選框之後的三角形重心



三角形內心

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三角形內心


三角形內心的定義為3條角平分線交點,因此我們需要先畫出3個角的角平分線,再用交點工具畫出3條角平分線交點,詳細的步驟如下:

  1. 選取角平分線工具,在點A、B、C上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫出3個角的角平分線。
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角平分線工具


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3個角的角平分線


  1. 選取交點工具,在角平分線i、j、k其中兩條上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫內心。
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三角形內心


  1. 選取勾選框工具,用來控制是否顯示直線i、j、k、l、m、n以及點I。
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加上勾選框之後的三角形內心



三角形外心

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三角形外心


三角形外心的定義為3個邊的中垂線交點,因此我們需要先畫出3個邊的中垂線,再用交點工具畫出3條中垂線交點,詳細的步驟如下:

  1. 選取中垂線工具,在3個邊(線段a、b、c)上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫出3個邊的中垂線。
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中垂線工具


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3個邊的中垂線


  1. 選取交點工具,在中垂線p、q、r其中兩條上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫外心。
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三角形外心


  1. 選取勾選框工具,用來控制是否顯示直線p、q、r以及點O。
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加上勾選框之後的三角形外心



三角形垂心

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三角形垂心


三角形垂心的定義為3個高的交點,因此我們需要先畫出3個邊的高,再用交點工具畫出3個高的交點,詳細的步驟如下:

  1. 選取垂直線工具,在點A、線段a上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫出經過點A的高,再用相同的方法畫出經過另外兩個頂點的高。
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垂直線工具


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經過3個頂點的高


  1. 選取交點工具,在直線d、s、t其中兩條上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫垂心。
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三角形垂心


  1. 選取勾選框工具,用來控制是否顯示直線d、s、t以及點H。
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加上勾選框之後的三角形垂心



正三角形重心、內心、外心、垂心重合

用 GeoGebra 畫好的圖形是可以修改的,先將4個勾選框都選取,同時顯示重心、內心、外心、垂心,再用移動工具,用滑鼠左鍵拖曳點A、C,調整成正三角形,可以看到重心、內心、外心、垂心會重合。

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正三角形重心、內心、外心、垂心重合



凹面鏡球面像差

由於球面沒有真正的焦點,平行主軸的入射光不會聚集在一點上,這個現象稱為球面像差。我們要用 GeoGebra 畫出圓弧、平行主軸的入射光、法線、反射光、反射光與主軸的交點,觀察與主軸距離不同的入射光,其反射光與主軸的交點有何變化。線上版的檔案連結為 https://ggbm.at/z6mk6agg

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凹面鏡球面像差


  1. 選取數值滑桿工具,新增用來控制凹面鏡的孔徑角
    θ
    ,範圍為
    0
    180
    ,增量為
    1
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數值滑桿工具


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數值滑桿屬性視窗


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數值滑桿屬性視窗,按名稱方框中右側的 θ 符號可以開啟符號選單


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控制 θ 的數值滑桿


  1. 選取新點工具,畫出圓心O和鏡頂C。
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圓心O和鏡頂C


  1. 選取畫指定角工具,依序在點C、O上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,旋轉角度為θ/2、逆時針方向,畫出點C以點O為旋轉中心逆時針方向旋轉θ/2產生的點C';用相同的方法畫出點C以點O為旋轉中心順時針方向旋轉θ/2產生的點C'1
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畫指定角工具


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畫指定角屬性視窗


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旋轉後的點C'


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旋轉後的點C'1


  1. 選取 圓弧(圓心、另兩點) 工具,依序在點O、C'1、C'上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫出作為凹面鏡的圓弧。
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圓弧(圓心、另兩點)工具


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作為凹面鏡的圓弧


  1. 選取 直線(過兩點) 工具,在點O、C上各按滑鼠左鍵一下,畫出作為凹面鏡主軸的直線。
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直線(過兩點)工具


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凹面鏡主軸


  1. 選取新點工具,在圓弧上畫點P,作為入射光打到凹面鏡的位置。
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圓弧上的動點P


  1. 選取平行線工具,畫通過點P且與主軸平行的直線g,但是直線會穿過圓弧,要用射線作為入射光比較符合實際情形,因此在直線g上、點P的左側另外畫一個點A,再選取射線工具,用滑鼠左鍵依序在點P、A上各點一下,畫出代表入射光的射線h。最後在左側的代數區點選直線g左方的圓點,隱藏直線g。
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平行線工具


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過點P且與主軸平行的直線g


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在直線g上、點P的左側畫一個點A


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射線工具


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代數區


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平行主軸的入射光


  1. 選取切線工具,畫圓弧c上通過點P的切線i,再選取垂直線工具,通過點P且與切線i垂直的直線j,直線j即為法線。
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切線工具


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圓弧c上通過點P的切線i


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垂直線工具


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通過點P且與切線i垂直的直線j


  1. 選取線對稱工具,用滑鼠左鍵依序在射線h、直線j上各點一下,畫出反射光射線k。
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線對稱工具


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用線對稱工具畫的反射光


  1. 選取交點工具,用滑鼠左鍵依序在射線k、直線f上各點一下,畫出反射光與主軸的交點F。選取移動工具,用滑鼠左鍵拖曳點P,觀察點F的變化。
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反射光與主軸的交點F



凹面鏡成像性質

若只考慮近軸光線,凹面鏡成像的性質為

  1. 物體位於2倍焦距外:倒立縮小實像
  2. 物體位於2倍焦距上:倒立等大實像
  3. 物體位於1 ~ 2倍焦距之間:倒立放大實像
  4. 物體位於1倍焦距上:無法成像
  5. 物體位於1倍焦距內:正立放大虛像

我們要用 GeoGebra 畫出凹面鏡、可以調整高度及位置的物體、像的位置。線上版的檔案連結為 https://ggbm.at/amw4y76q
以下只畫出實像的部分,詳細的步驟如下:

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凹面鏡成像性質


  1. 彷照凹面鏡球面像差的繪圖步驟1 ~ 5,畫出控制子徑角
    θ
    的數值滑桿,代表凹面鏡的圓弧,凹面鏡的球心、鏡頂及主軸。
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代表凹面鏡的圓弧,凹面鏡的球心、鏡頂及主軸


  1. 若只考慮近軸光線,則凹面鏡的焦點位於球心與鏡頂的中點,選取中心點工具,畫出焦點F。
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中心點工具


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只考慮近軸光線時的焦點F


  1. 選取新點工具,在主軸上畫出物體位置點H。選取數值滑桿工具,新增數值height,區間為0.1 ~ 4,增量為0.1。選取 線段(固定長) 工具,用滑鼠左鍵點擊點H,在長度視窗中填入height,畫出以點H為點起、長度為height、方向向右的線段g。
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點H及數值滑桿height


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線段(固定長)工具


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線段(固定長)屬性視窗


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以點H為點起、長度為height、方向向右的線段g


  1. 選取畫指定角工具,用滑鼠左鍵依序在線段g、點H各點一下,旋轉角度為
    90
    、逆時針方向,旋轉後的線段作為物體。
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畫指定角工具


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旋轉後的線段


  1. 仿照凹面鏡球面像差繪圖步驟7的作法,畫出由物體頂端發出的平行主軸入射光,入射光在圓弧上的交點A,以及通過點F的反射光。
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平行主軸的入射光及其反射光


  1. 畫出由物體頂端射向鏡頂的入射光,由於鏡頂的法線位在主軸上,可以利用線對稱工具畫出反射光。
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由物體頂端射向鏡頂的入射光及其反射光


  1. 利用交點工具畫出兩道反射光的交點B,此處為物體頂端成像的位置。畫出通過此點且與主軸垂直的直線m,再畫出直線m與主軸的交點D,用 線段(過兩點) 畫出點B、D的連線,此線段即為像,最後再隱藏直線m。
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物體及像的位置


  1. 拖曳點H改變物體的位置,利用數值滑桿height改變物體的高度,觀察像的變化。




函數繪圖

GeoGebra內建函數繪圖的功能,但是需要在最下方的輸入框中輸入指令,可以分為兩大類:

不限制範圍

輸入的指令格式為

函數名稱(x) = 函數

例如繪製正弦函數需要輸入的指令為

f(x) = sin(x)

自變數預設為x。也可以不輸入函數名稱,GeoGebra會自動設定名稱。

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sin(x)的圖形(不限制範圍)


限制範圍

輸入的指令格式有兩種,分別為

函數名稱(x) = If(條件, 函數)
函數名稱(x) = Function(函數, x下限, x上限)

例如繪製餘弦函數需要輸入的指令為

g(x) = If(-π <= x <= π, cos(x))
h(x) = Function(cos(x), -π ,π)

自變數預設為x。也可以不輸入函數名稱,GeoGebra會自動設定名稱。

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cos(x)的圖形(限制範圍)


波的疊加

假設在一條繩子上有兩個朝對方前進的波,當兩個波交會時繩子會變成什麼形狀?最簡單的狀況稱為線性疊加,也就是將兩個波重疊的部分振幅相加,即為合成後的振幅。但由於這樣的圖相當不好畫,我們需要借助 GeoGebra 畫出波的疊加動畫。線上版的檔案連結為 https://ggbm.at/xnk2gxwu

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波的疊加動畫


  1. 選取數值滑桿工具,新增用來控制時間 t 的數值滑桿,t 的最小值為0、最大值為6、增量為0.01。再開啟 t 的屬性視窗,將動畫 => 重複調整為遞增
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數值滑桿工具


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數值滑桿屬性視窗


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控制時間 t 的數值滑桿


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t 的屬性視窗


  1. 在下方的輸入框中輸入
v = 1
x1 = 0 + v * t
x2 = 6 – v * t
f(x) = If(x1 <= x <= x1 + π, sin(x - x1) * Exp(x – x1))
g(x) = If(x2 <= x <= x2 + π, 23.14 * sin(x - x2) * Exp(-x + x2))
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
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兩個入射波


  1. 在控制 t 的數滑桿上按滑鼠右鍵,選取開始動畫,就可以看到兩個波交會時的動畫。
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數值 t 快速選單
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波的疊加動畫



結語

這篇文章裡提到的應用只是一小部分而已,GeoGebra 還有許多功能及應用,有興趣的讀者可以上網搜尋一下。這兩個連結是相當好的參考資料:

  1. GeoGebra Tube https://www.geogebra.org/materials
  2. GeoGebra學習教室 https://www.geogebra.org/m/CV9fIj2B

tags:GeoGebra