反射定律

作者:王一哲
日期:2018/2/6

本次課程檔案已上傳至 GeoGebraTube,可以線上操作或下載檔案

  1. 反射定律範例 https://ggbm.at/P2x59HdN
  2. 平面鏡反射夾角60度 https://ggbm.at/BJFmpcjm

反射定律示意圖繪圖步驟

  1. 選取新點工具,用滑鼠在繪圖區上畫出點A、B。在這裡不要用指令畫點,因為輸入指令時會指定點的位置,之後沒辦法用滑鼠拖曳改變點的位置。

  2. 選取線段工具,用滑鼠左鍵在點A、B上各按一下。或是用指令

    ​​​​f = Segment(A, B)
    

    將線段調粗、改為藍色當作平面鏡。


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線段工具選單

  1. 選取新點工具,用滑鼠左鍵在線段f上按一下畫出點C,也就是入射光照到平面鏡的位置。或是用指令

    ​​​​C = Point(f)
    
  2. 選取垂直線工具,用滑鼠左鍵在點C、線段f上按一下左鍵。或是用指令

    ​​​​g = PerpendicularLine(C, f)
    

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反射定律範例步驟 1 ~ 4 成果

  1. 但是直接用垂直線當作法線實在太長了,所以我們在垂直線g上面新增點D,再畫出點C、D之間的線段,最後把垂直線g隱藏起來,這樣會比較好看一點。或是用指令
    ​​​​D = Point(g)
    ​​​​h = Segment(C, D)
    

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反射定律範例步驟 5 成果

  1. 選取新點工具,用滑鼠在繪圖區上畫出點E,在這裡不要用指令畫點,因為輸入指令時會指定點的位置,之後沒辦法用滑鼠拖曳改變點的位置。再畫出點C、D之間的線段i當作入射光。

  2. 選取線對稱工具,用滑鼠左鍵依序在線段i、h上各點一下,畫出反射光。或是用指令

    ​​​​i’ = Reflect(i, h)
    

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線對稱工具選單

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反射定律範例步驟 6 ~ 7 成果

  1. 選取畫角度工具,用滑鼠左鍵依序在點E、C、D上各點一下畫出入射角α,依序在點D、C、E’上各點一下畫出反射角β。或是用指令
    ​​​​α = Angle(E, C, D)
    ​​​​β = Angle(D, C, E')
    
    最後再把不需要的東西隱藏起來,把物件格式調整成自己喜歡的樣子就完成了。

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畫角度工具選單

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反射定律範例最終成果

夾角為60°的兩平面鏡繪圖步驟

  1. 仿照上面的步驟1、2畫出點A、B及線段f作為下方的平面鏡。

  2. 選取新點工具,用滑鼠在繪圖區上畫出點C,這是與下方平面鏡平行的入射光會經過的點。

  3. 新增控制平面鏡夾角θ用的數值滑桿,最小值0°,最大值90°,增量1°。或是用指令

    ​​​​θ = Slider(0°, 90°, 1°)
    

    可以使用快速鍵 Alt + O 輸入 ° ,這樣會比按虛擬鍵盤方便。手動將θ調整為60°。

  4. 畫出繞A點逆時鐘方向旋轉 θ 後的平面鏡。點選倒數第2個工具列右下角向下的三角形,點選第4個旋轉工具,再依序點選線段f、轉軸位置A點,於選項視窗中選擇旋轉角度為

    θ,逆時針方向旋轉,最後按下確定。除了用工具列之外,也可以用以下指令

    ​​​​f’ = Rotate(f, θ, A)
    

    指令的格式為

    ​​​​Rotate(被旋轉的物件名稱, 旋轉角度, 轉軸位置)
    
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旋轉工具

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旋轉工具選項

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夾角為60°的兩平面鏡步驟1 ~ 4成果

  1. 選取平行線工具,用滑鼠左鍵分別在線段f、點C上各點一下。或是用指令
    ​​​​g = Line(C, f)
    
    指令的格式為
    ​​​​Line(直線經過的點名稱, 平行的直線或線段名稱)
    
    但是這樣入射光會穿過平面鏡,所以還需要調整一下。

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平行線工具選單

  1. 選取交點工具,用滑鼠左鍵分別在直線g、線段f'上各點一下,畫出入射光打在左側平面鏡上的位置點D。或是用指令
    ​​​​D = Intersect(g, f')
    
    指令的格式為
    ​​​​Intersect(物件1, 物件2)
    

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交點工具選單

  1. 選取射線工具,用滑鼠左鍵依序在點D、點C上各點一下,畫出入射光。或是用指令
    ​​​​h = Ray(D, C)
    
    指令的格式為
    ​​​​Ray(起點, 射線上另一點)
    
    畫完之後再把直線g隱藏起來。

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射線工具選單

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夾角為60°的兩平面鏡步驟5 ~ 7成果

  1. 仿照上面的步驟4、5畫出入射光在左側平面鏡的法線,仿照上面的步驟7畫反射光。但這次的入射光是線射,所以畫出來的反射光會穿過下方的平面鏡,還需要再處理一下。

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夾角為60°的兩平面鏡步驟8成果

  1. 仿照步驟6找出反射光和線段f的交點F,畫出線段DF。

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夾角為60°的兩平面鏡步驟9成果

  1. 仿照步驟8第1次的反射光在下方平面鏡的法線,再用線對稱畫出第2次的反射光。但這次的入射光是線段,所以畫出來的反射光不會延伸出去,還需要再處理一下。

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夾角為60°的兩平面鏡步驟10成果

  1. 選取射線工具,用滑鼠左鍵依序在點F、點D'1上各點一下,畫出第2次的反射光。畫完之後再把線段m’隱藏起來。

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夾角為60°的兩平面鏡步驟11成果

  1. 最後用畫角度工具標示平面鏡夾角、入射角、反射角,把物件屬性調整成自己喜歡的樣子就完成了。

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夾角為60°的兩平面鏡最終成果

構圖按本

當繪圖步驟越來越多之後,可以由檢視 ⇒ 構圖按本或是按 Ctrl + Shift + L 開啟構圖按本視窗,這樣就能看到繪圖的步驟,甚至可以知道到哪個步驟時圖的樣子為何,是很方便的工具。


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構圖按本選單

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構圖按本視窗

相關指令的官方說明書

  1. https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/Point_Command
  2. 線段 https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/Segment_Command
  3. 垂直線 https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/PerpendicularLine_Command
  4. 線對稱 https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/Reflect_Command
  5. 畫角度 https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/Angle_Command
  6. 數值滑桿 https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/Slider_Command
  7. 旋轉 https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/Rotate_Command
  8. 直線 https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/Line_Command
  9. 交點 https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/Intersect_Command
  10. 射線 https://wiki.geogebra.org/en/Ray_Command


tags:GeoGebra