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## Viral Regulation of Signal Transduction

- Growth Factors
- PKC Signaling
- NF$\kappa$B
- MAPK Signaling
	- Raf-I/MAPK
	- inactivate Tumor suppressor proteins
		- p53 and Protein retinoblastoma
- Signal Interceptors
	- helps create latent infection
		- induction of cell proliferation may leads apoptosis of host cells
			- activation of lytic replication pathway.
- Apoptosis
	- prevent = survive
	- cause = spread
- HIV Nef
	- downregulates CD4 receptor
		- apoptosis