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# System prepended metadata

title: ODC/FAQ-Data Dictionnary

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# ODC/FAQ-Data Dictionnary

##  What is a Sybil Attack and why we should fight it?

**V0.0 @stefi:**

The name Sybil originated from a medical case of a woman called Sybil, she was diagnosed  with multiple personality disorder. 
Sybil attack is a kind of "fraud" that occurs on systems/organizations where actions and rewards are calculated based on "one human, one identity", fraudsters or 'sybils' create multiple identities in an attempt to control (vote) or profit ( distributions of funds or rewards).
Fighting this kind of practice enables organizations to have democratic practices without the physical presence of its participants , for example online voting in DAOs.   
For more in depth discussion you can check:     
* [33 - Sybil Resistance with Bryan Ford](https://open.spotify.com/episode/0PEAQCYSRZTxDM5qddP4K0?si=bxdF437OTv2xAmRp6XKbp) ( at 14:00 they start to discuss possibilities in a world where we would already solved the sybil attack problem) 


**V0.1 @poupou:**

A Sybil attack refers to a type of attack in which an attacker creates multiple fake identities, or "Sybils” to gain an unfair advantage within a decentralized network. This term is a reference to a [book entitled Sybil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_(Schreiber_book)). This book was also made into two television movies, the main character Sybil Dorsett endorsed different personalities.

In the context of systems/organizations, Sybil attacks happen when actions or rewards are calculated based on “one human, one identity”.
Fraudsters or 'Sybils' create multiple identities in an attempt to control (vote) or profit ( distributions of funds or rewards).
Fighting this kind of practice enables organizations to have democratic practices without the physical presence of its participants, for example, online voting in DAOs.   
For more in-depth discussion you can check:     
* [33 - Sybil Resistance with Bryan Ford](https://open.spotify.com/episode/0PEAQCYSRZTxDM5qddP4K0?si=bxdF437OTv2xAmRp6XKbp) ( at 14:00 they start to discuss possibilities in a world where we would already solved the sybil attack problem) 


## What is quadratic funding and matching? Why is it important to understand Sybil attacks?  
**V0.0 @stefi:**
Image is better than a thousand words,right? Check this 60 sec video by Gitcoin and come back here:  
* [WTF is Quadratic Funding? ](https://wtfisqf.com/?grant=&grant=&match=1)  

Nice, now that you understood, is easy to get why fraudster create multiple accounts. The idea is simple, make really small contributions to their own project from different accounts in a attempt to maximize ROI, as quadratic funding algorithm prioritize distribution of matching funds pool to projects that received donations from the biggest number of community members. 

**V0.1 @poupou:**
Quadratic funding is a mechanism used by Gitcoin to fund public goods. Contributions to a grant are matched in a quadratic way by a matching fund.

Check this 60 sec video by Gitcoin to better understand and come back here:  
* [WTF is Quadratic Funding? ](https://wtfisqf.com/?grant=&grant=&match=1)  

Nice, now that you understood, is easy to get why fraudsters create multiple accounts. The idea is simple, make really small contributions to their own project from different accounts in an attempt to maximize ROI, as the quadratic funding algorithm prioritizes distribution of matching funds pool to projects that received donations from the biggest number of community members.

Similarly, the quadratic mechanism can also be applied to voting (quadratic voting) where each voter votes with some tokens, then fraudsters are incentivized to vote for a proposal from many addresses rather than a single address.


## What is the price of forgery? 
**V0.0 @stefi:**
The price (or cost) of forgery, as it says, is the cost paid to forge an identity in a system. There are a lot of discussions about economic games involved in Sybil defense. Most systems are designed to develop a high cost of forgery in an attempt to disincentivize Sybil attacks, making the attack expensive and not profitable. Some discussions argue that this could stop Sybil attacks focused on profit but if the motivation is other, like ideological, the cost could be not a barrier.  

In ep 36 of Green Pill podcast, Kevin Owocki and Petr Porobov, founder of Upala, have some discussion around the topic and how Upala is trying to understand the real price of forgery using incentives. 

* [36 - Creating Sybil Resistance with Upala Founder Petr Porobov]( https://open.spotify.com/episode/1Mz7efMzvziu1I8PZXS44O?si=rUpVFBQCSFOj88mK3ncw9Q)

## Where can I find more Sybil fighting content?  
**V0.0 @stefi:**
* [Gitcoin Fraud Defense and Detection Forum](https://gov.gitcoin.co/tag/fdd)  
* [Green Pill Podcast](https://greenpill.party/#podcast)- Season 2 is dedicated to regenerative society, some episodes are focused on Digital Identities and Sybil Fighting   
* [BlockScience Blog](https://medium.com/block-science)- Articles with analyses of passed Gitcoin Grants Rounds and other complex system analyses.   
* [Prof. Brain Ford Papers](https://bford.info/pub/) - Prof Brian Ford has studies on decentralized systems, identity and blockchain. Special highlight to: 
 _Identity and Personhood in Digital Democracy: Evaluating Inclusion, Equality, Security, and Privacy in Pseudonym Parties and Other Proofs of Personhood_ 
 
# ODC/Data Dictionary
**V0.0 @Poupou :**

## Grants
A grant is an amount of money that is given or awarded to an organization, student, or project. In the context of Gitcoin, grants are used to fund public goods. During Gitcoin grants rounds, eligible grants will be able to receive matching funds from a matching fund using quadratic funding.


## EOA - Externally Own Address 
An EOA is one of a public address derived from a private key. On the public registry, any transaction from or to that address will reference that address. For more details about Ethereum accounts, you can visit [Etherscan: Understanding Ethereum Accounts](https://info.etherscan.com/understanding-ethereum-accounts/#:~:text=An%20externally%20owned%20address%20is,the%20funds%20in%20an%20address.)

## FDD - Fraud Detection & Defense
FDD is part of GitcoinDao and is responsible for detecting and preventing Sybil attacks against Gitcoin Grants.
FDD uses lego to fight Sybil's attacks some of them include Gitcoin Passport, SDD, and human review.

You can find more resources on [Gitcoin blog](https://gov.gitcoin.co/t/introducing-the-fdd-review/11095).

## Gitcoin Passport
Gitcoin Passport is one of the Sybil defense lego built by Gitcoin. It allows a user to acquire stamps to prove his humanness. These stamps are proof of either on-chain activities such as a lens profile, or a POAP and off-chain hard-to-fake web2 actions such as a Twitter account with several followers, a GitHub account with many stars or contributions, a proof of identity with for example BrightId. These credentials are stored on the Ceramic and can be queried to build a trust score for an address.

Verify your credentials with Passport [here](https://passport.gitcoin.co/).


## Stamps
Stamps are credentials or proof of activities that can be acquired by a user by connecting and verifying ownerships of accounts both with Gitcoin Passport.

## SAD - Sybil Account Detection
SAD is a Sybil defense lego developed by Gitcoin that looks at the on-chain history of a grant contributor to score the EOA of the user. 

## Gitcoin
 Gitcoin describes itself as a platform “to fund builders looking for meaningful, open source work”. Their mission is to build a more open, collaborative, and economically empowering world. By giving tools to communities, they help build and funds public goods and bring the future digital public infrastructure. 

## Squelched
We say that a user is "squelched" when he does not have his funds matched by quadratic funding because he has been detected as a Sybil attacker. 

## POAP  - Proof of Attendance Protocol
POAP is commonly used to describe a collectible that can be used, for example, to certify the presence in a physical or online event, the participation in a hackathon. Broadly, it describes the gift of an event organizer to people attending the event.
You can find more details about POAP in the [documentation](https://poap.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/9494654007437-What-Is-POAP-)

## Lego
A Lego is a composable unit that performs a definite action. You can see it as a piece of software in which, for a given input, it will return an output. Gitcoin Passport scorer is an example of Sybil detection lego developed by Gitcoin that, from the stamps verified by a user returns a trust score.

You can find more details in this Gitcoin blog post: [Anti-Sybil Legos](https://gov.gitcoin.co/t/anti-sybil-legos/12265)

## What is Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
(**V0.0 @G-r-ay : Review needed**)
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a method of understanding data that utilises visualization and statistical techniques to help identify inconsistencies, as well as better understand patterns within the data, detect outliers or anomalous events, and discover interesting relationships between variables.

One example of an EDA tool would be [Raphtory](https://www.raphtory.com/), an analytics platform that combines graph structure capabilities with time-series analysis.






## Ceramic Network
## zksync
## Bulk transactions
## DID's