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title: Public Speaking Final Review

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# Public Speaking Final Review
##### Note that this page is optimized to be CTRL-F'd for a timed test, not visually apealling.

## Module 1 - Audience Analysis
    These 3 are known as the Psychological Analysis Bullseye 
- **Attitude**
    - A learned disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, an object, an idea, or an event.
![](https://i.imgur.com/Q2SE4mK.png)



- **Beliefs**
    - Principles or assumptions about the universe.
![](https://i.imgur.com/Wr8Ja3e.png)



- **Values**
    - Guiding beliefs that regulate our attitudes. Values are the core principles driving our attitudes.
![](https://i.imgur.com/BfWdPJE.png)


### Why conduct an audience analysis?
- To gather information about the demographics of those attending your speech so that your speech tailors to the beliefs, values, and attitudes of your audience. 

### Categories/types of audience analysis
- **Situational Analysis**
    - Considers the situation for which your audience is gathered. For example, are they required to be here?
- **Demographic Analysis**
    - Age, gender, race, etc.
- **Psychological Analysis**
    - Know where your audience stands on the issues you plan to address ahead of time.
-  **Multicultural Analysis**
    - Recognize that the perspective you have on any given topic may not necessarily be shared by all of the members of your audience.
    - Be a culturally effective speaker.
- **Interest and Knowledge Analysis**
    - know ahead of time if your audience is interested in what you have to say, and has any prior knowledge about your topic.

### Types/Purposes of speeches
!!fillmein

### Practice Questions
- Why is it important to conduct an audience analysis prior to developing your speech?
    - To gather information about the demographics of those attending your speech so that your speech tailors to the beliefs, values, and attitudes of your audience
- What is a variable, and how is it used in data sampling?
    - Variables are an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change the data collection abtained and are assigned a numerical value so we can systematically collect and classify them. This helps us utilize data sampling so that we can understand our audience a bit more and gather more information about the demographics of the audience.
- Which is not a type of outline?
    - Citation Outline
## Module 2 - Narrative Speeches

### Storytelling
- The conveying of events in words, sound and/or images, often by improvisation or embellishment.
- We use stories when talking to one another to help relate to one another and gain interest of others. 

### Practice Questions
- What is storytelling?
    - The conveying of events in words, sound and/or images, often by improvisation or embellishment.
- Why is storytelling so powerful?
    - Human life is deeply rooted in narratives
- Why do presenters use narratives in speech?
    - To make their speech more interesting
    - To support their points.
    - To help the audience identify a connection
    - ==Both and B are correct==
## Module 3 - Outlining Your Speech

### 2 Types of Outlines
- Speech outline
    - AKA Notecard - a short summary of your speech that you use during your presentation.
- Perparation outline
    - The full outline, the one that you would submit to Blackboard.

### Outline structures
- Presentations 1 & 2
    - Specific Purpose, Introduction, 3 main body points, conclusion.
- Presentation 3
    - 3-Specific Purpose, Introduction, Problem, Cause, Solution, Conclusion. 


           A good outline is essential to a succesful speech
### Practice Questions
- How many different types of outlines are there?
    - 2
- Which is NOT one of the additional elements you should include in your outline. 
    - Conclusion
- Which is not a type of outline?
    - Structure outline
## Module 4 - Organizing the Presentation

### Ways to organize a presentation
- Chronologically
- Topically
    - (which is what you have been doing) (Aren’t in any particular order and somewhat unrelated, but all are related to your Specific Purpose/Thesis)
- Spatially
    - University of Georgia Example (The building on the north side is... On the opposite side of the campus lies..)
- Comparative
    - Eastern culture vs Western Culture
- Casual 
    - Presentation 3

### Connecting Main Points
- Use **transitions** and **sign posts** to indicate to the audience where you are in the speech
    - i.e first, second, finally

### Practice Questions
- Which of the following is not one of the ways to organize your speech?
    - Traditional
- What does a causal speech do?
    - Informs audience members about causes and effects that have already happened
- You can connect the main points through the use of:
    - Transitional words/phrases
## Module 5 - 
& Ethical Speaking

### Use simple language
- Don’t try to impress us with an expanded vocabulary (related to smart speaking and audience adaptation) (a strong ethos statement helps take care of this)

### Alliteration
- Repetition of first letter in a sequence of words
    - Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

### Types of speech to avoid
- Hate
- Slang
- Pretentious language (talking down on the audience)

### Hasty Generalization
- A broad claim, based on insufficient evidence, often just one one isolated incident.

### Ethnocentrism
- The assumption that your culture is dominant or better. 

### Practice Questions
- Which of the following styles of language allows you to use contrasting statements in order to make a rhetorical point?
    - Antithesis
- What specific audience is slang often based on?
    - region
    - age
    - subculture
    - ==all of the above==
- Which of the following should the speaker be careful about?
    - profanity
    - exaggeration
    - incorrect grammar
    - ==all of the above==
## Module 6 - Informative Speeches

    Sources are vital in this type of speaking

### Traits of infomrative speakers
- Knowledgeable
- Ethical
- Objective
- Makes the topic relevant to the audience

### 

> ”All men by nature desire knowledge.” - Aristotle

### Practice Questions
- Who said the following quote, " Be able to describe anything visual, such as a street scene, in words that convey your meaning"?
    - Marilyn vos Savant
- What does definitional speeches mean?
    - The speaker attempts to set forth the meaning of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues that may be unfamiliar to the audience
- How do you make your speech memorable?
    - Build in repetition
    - appeal to different ways of learning
    - use visual
    - ==all of the above==
## Module 7 - Finding Topics

### Some things to consider while picking a topic
- Pick something you are passionate about
- Must be narrow enough to not go over allocated time (Don't be like me and go almost 2 minutes over :P -Jake)
- Avoid overly controversial topics

### Not sure what to write about? Ask yourself these questions

    What important events are occurring locally, nationally and internationally?

    What do I care about the most?

    Is there someone or something I can advocate for?

    What makes me angry/happy?

    What beliefs/attitudes do I want to share?

    Is there some information the audience needs to know?

### Practice Questions
- What should you consider if you are unsure of what topic to choose?
    - current events
    - personal experiences
    - your hobbies
    - ==all of the above==
- T/F. Your area of expertise might be a good topic to give a speech about because you already possess a familiarity with it.
    - True
- What does it mean to narrow your topic?
    - It increases the likelihood that your speech will effectively communicate with the audience
## Module 8 - Finding and Evaluating Sources & Avoiding Plagiarism 

    Be skeptical of sources. Look for bias. 
    
    Personal testimony and experiences can prove very useful.
### What does an speaker gain from telling you certain information
- Consider the following: A person that owns an alcohol store tells you that drinking wine every day helpts your cardiovasular health. They are trying to sell you wine, so they will likely only tell you the positives sides of it. 

### Examples of plagarism
- Changing just a word or two when paraphrasing.
- Copying and pasting without quotation marks and citations.
- Submitting your own paper to multiple teachers.

### Paraphrasing
- Express the meaning of someones writing using your own words.

### Practice Questions
- Which of the following is a form of plagiarism? 
    - Submitting your own paper to multiple teachers
    - copying and pasting without quotation marks and citations
    - changing just a word or two when paraphrasing
    - ==all of these==
- A good way to paraphrase is to… 
    - read the text, look away, and ask yourself what you learned
- Significantly shortening a passage into one’s own words & keeping the gist of it is known as 
    - paraphrasing

## Module 9 - Purpose, Thesis Statement, Body of Speech

### Thesis statement
- The part of the introduction that clarifies both the overall goal of your speech and states the specific topic. Usually one sentence.

### Practice Questions
- Which statement is not a good way to establish credibility for presenting your topic? 
    - Telling the audience they should listen to you because you are a good speaker
- To prepare a speech, you need to
    - Know your audience, content, and time frame
- Which part of the introduction should both clarify the overall goal of your speech and state your specific topic?
    - Thesis statement
## Module 10 - Introduction and Conclusions

### Purpose of an introduction
- Gain attention, interest, and goodwill of the audience.

### Attention-getting strategies
    Tell a Story
    
    Refer to the occasion of the speech
        - i.e a toast
    
    Refer to Recent or Historical Events 
    
    Refer to Previous Speeches from other classmates
    
    Refer to Personal Interest 
    
    Use Startling Statistics 
    
    Use an Analogy
        - compare something that your audience knows and understands with something new and different.
    
    Use a Quotation from someone your audience knows
    
    Ask a Question 
    
### Hook
- Opening line of your speech  meant to get the audience's attention.

### Roundoff
- Closing line of your speech.

### Practice Questions
- According to Doug, when preparing for a speech, it's very important to: 
    - Choose a topic that is narrowly defined
- A single sentence that sums up your entire speech is called: 
    - the thesis
- To keep your audience from being bored, you should use: 
    - inflection

## Module 11
### Practice Questions
-  Which is not a function of a persuasive speech?
    -  to scam
- Audiences that resist your persuasive speech are known as:
    - hostile audiences
- How many steps are in Monroe’s Motivated Sequence?
    - 5
## Module (Chapter) 12 - Delivery

### Things to remember
- It isn't a race - take your time
- Don't fear pauses or silences
- Maintain eye contact
- Stand still

### Ethos 
- The name of your credability statement

### Types of speeches (If you have a better name for this change it please)
- Impromptu: Made up on the spot. It is unprepared and unrehearsed.
- Extemporaneous: The speech is not completely written out. It is usually delivered with notes for reference. This is the type of speech we do in class.
- Memorized: when the manuscript is committed to memory and recited to the audience verbatim (word for word).

### Practice Questions
- What is a vocal aspect of delivery?
    - Pitch
- What should you do when using a podium in your speech?
    - approach it with confidence
- Stress can affect your:
    - appearance during the speech
    - vocalization
    - tempo of speech
    - ==all of the above==
## Module 13
https://quizlet.com/230535909/fallacy-practice-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/111636847/fallacies-flash-cards/
### Formal and Informal Fallacies
- Formal fallacies exist because of an error in the _structure of an argument_. 
- Informal fallacies exist because of an error in _reasoning_. 
### Types of fallacies
###### If you need definitions, go to Skyepack module 13
- Formal
    - Bad Reasons Fallacy (Argumentim ad Logicam)
    - Masked Man Fallacy (Intentional Fallacy)*
    - Fallacy of Quantitative Logic 
- Informal
    - Accident (Sweeping Generalization)
    - Genetic Fallacy (ad hominem)
        - "Don't believe what Kim says about global warming. Kim dropped out of college!"
    - Ambiguity (equivocation)
-  Fallacies of Appeal
    -  Appeal to Authority (ad vericundiam)
    -  Appeal to Emotion 
    -  Appeal to Ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam)
    -  Appeal to Pity (argumentium ad misericordium)
    -  Begging the Question (petitio principii)
    -  Black-or-White Fallacy (bifurcation) (False Dichotomy)
        -  If you can't prove that Ken had an affair with the nanny, then he's been faithful to his wife.
    -  Composition
    -  Division 
    -  False Cause (non causa, pro causa)
    -  Red Herring (irrelevant thesis)
    -  Slippery Slope 
    -  Strawman
        -  Animal rights activists believe that we shouldn't keep animals captive and make them do our will. They would have you abandon your pets in the wilderness.
    -  False Analogy

### Practice Questions
- Don't believe what Kim says about global warming. Kim dropped out of college!
    - ad hominem
- Animal rights activists believe that we shouldn't keep animals captive and make them do our will. They would have you abandon your pets in the wilderness.
    - strawman
- If you can't prove that Ken had an affair with the nanny, then he's been faithful to his wife.
    - false dichotomy

## Unsorted information

### Persuasion Triad

**Ethos - Ethics/credibility**

- Why should you listen/believe this person?
- Appear to be confident, common sense, and concern for the audience's well being

**Logos - Logic**

- Have logical arguments, provide facts
- Claim
    - The assertion that you want the audience to accept
- Data
    - Evidence
- Warrent
    - Connects the data to the claim

**Pathos - Emotional Appeal**

- Draw in the emotions of the audience
- use clear examples that illustrate your point
---
### Cognative Dissonance
- The psychological discomfort from arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions( thoughts, beliefs, or opinions)
- "I know cigarretes are bad for me, but I still keep on doing them anyways"
---
### Public Speaking Anxiety

> please fill this out Aleah
---
### Oral Citations
- Publication, author, year

### Hearing vs Learning
- Hearing: Receving sounds 
- Learning: Interperting the meaning of said sounds

### Audience Analysis
**Three Methods for doing Audience Analysis**

- Direct Observation
    - what do you know about that audience based on your experience?
- Inference
    - are their multiple speakers in a day, what is the time of day, etc
- Data Collection
    - information gathered beforehand - surveys

**Five categories to understand about audience**

- situational analysis
- demographic analysis
- psychological analysis
- multicultural analysis
- interest and knowledge analysis

### Communication Apprehension
- take a deep breathe
- think about breathe control
- practice
    - practice like it is the real thing
- do not wear tight clothes
- if you sweat be mindful of what color you are wearing
- pin back hair if you have bangs or long hair
- look professional
- use notecards and number them

### Being An Effective Audience Member
- listen
- no talking
- pay attention
- stay seated
**SMART feedback**
S - Specifics
- avoid using vague language
M - Measurable
- suggest measurable objectives to eliminate uncertainty
A - Achievable
- feedback should be attainable
R - Realistic
- feedback should relate to the goal the presenter wants to achieve
T - Timely
- give feedback as oon as you can. Be immediate and clear

### Informative Speaking
**Fuctions**
- provide audience with knowledge on a topic
- shape our perceptions on a topic
- articulate alternatives
- enhance our ability to survive and evolve
- to inform, persuade, and entertain

**Types of Informative speeches**
- Definitional Speeches
    - set forth the meaning of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues that may be unfamiliar to the audience
- Descriptive speeches
    - provide a detailed, vivid, word picture of a person, animal, place, or object
- Explanatory speech(briefing)
    - focus on the reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options
- Demonstration speech
    - shows listeners how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves

**Tips**
- Tell a story
- be creative
- stimulate audience's intellect
- use simplistic language
- avoid information overload
- use repetition if your speech warrants it
- appeal to differnt ways of learning
- be visual


### Finding Sources
**CRAAP method**
C - Currency
R - Relevence
A - Authority
A - Accuracy
P - Purpose

### Quiz 1

- You will be making an/a ==ethos== statement in Presentation II, which is another name for credibility
- ==T==/F Presentation II's time limit is 5-7 minutes
- What is the meaning of a definitional speech?
    - The speaker attempts to set forth meaning of concepts, theories,philosophies, or issues that may be unfamiliar to the audience
- ==3== main body points are expected in Presentation II
- T/==F== The self-reflection paper recommended length is 900 words
- Who said "all men by nature desire knowledge?"
    - Aristotle
- Which of the following is NOT a tip for an informative speech shared in the video?
    - Use complicated language
- ==T==/F It is a good idea to pick an informative speech topic that you are knowledgeable in.
- Which topic would be better for Presentaiton II: The history of world cinema or Paul McCartney?
    - Paul McCartney because it is a narrower topic
- How many points is your FIRST self-reflection paper worth?
    - !!!!!FILLTHISOUT!!!!!

### Quiz 2

- How many steps are in Monroe's Motivated Sequence?
    - 5
- Which of the following make up the Persuasive Triad?
    - Ethos Pathos Logos
- Dr. Jones knows smoking is bad, but smokes two packs a day. What is the name of the stress that comes from this situation?
    - Cognitive Dissonance
- If you can't prove that Ken had an affair with the nanny, then he's been faithful to his wife. What is this an example of?
    - False Dichotomy
- "Don't believe what Kim says about global warning. Kim dropped out of college!" What is this an example of?
    - Ad hominem
- What is Presentation 3's time limit?
    - 6-8 minutes
- Which of the following is NOT a function of a Persuasive Speech?
    - To scam
- Who said "If you would persuade, you must appeal to interest rather than intellect."
    - Benjamin Franklin
- Which of the following would be the BEST choice for a Persuasive Speech topic in our class?
    "Why you should buy expensive Art"
    =="Why you should donate blood"==
    "Why you should vote Democrat"
    "Why you should switch religions"
- What am I, as the grader, looking for from an oral citation
    - Author, Publication, Year





