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## Neuro Postural Vocab List (01)

central nervous system
* cortex
    * cerebral cortex, parietal, frontal, motor cortex
* cerebellum
    * controls posture and the coordination of movements of parts of the body, including the eyes and head, and limbs
    * https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858404263517 (Bastian/Mortin)
* brainstem
    * The brainstem consists of the medulla, the pons and the midbrain. The medulla can be referred to as an extension of the spinal cord
* medulla
    * Controls blood pressure and breathing and senses like taste and hearing
* Pons
    * Transmits information between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex
* Midbrain (mesencephalon)
    * processing visual and auditory signals
    * Relays cerebellum signals to cortex, motor control
* Spinal cord
    * Signals from brain to muscles, reflexes in posture adjustment
The peripheral nervous system
* Sensory modalities
    * An aspect of a stimulus or what is perceived after a stimulus
    * Basic sensory modalities include: light, sound, taste, temperature, pressure, pain & smell
* Sensory nervous system
    * Part of the PNS that transmits information from receptors to the CNS
* Vision
    * Important for body stabilization and postural sway increases in the absence of vision?
    * Eye serves as the receptor and radiant energy that falls within the visible spectrum is the stimulus 
    * Evidence shows that the visual channel, under certain, is able to suppress the inappropriate balance response
* Vestibular
    * The primary function of vestibular reflexes in appendicular muscles is to generate muscle activity that maintains upright posture (this contributes to stabilizing the head in space)
    * Contributes to the control of eyes movements and stabilization of the gaze, the perception of body orientation, and the control of posture and balance
    * Allows us to keep our balance and know what position our body is in because information coming from the vestibular system is processed in the brain then sent to other organs (eyes, joints, or muscles)


* Proprioception
    * Somatic sensory
    * Perception of the parts of body in physical space
* Somatosensation (touch)
    * A complex system of sensory neurons and pathways that responds to changes at the surface or inside the body 
    * Helps maintain postural balance by communicating information about body position to the brain so that it can activate the proper motor reaction or movement
* Motor pathways
    * A neural pathway that originates in the brain or brainstem and descends down the spinal cord to control the motor neurons


The musculoskeletal system 
* Muscle 
    * muscle contractions to maintain posture against gravity
    * contraction of limb, trunk, neck extensors
* Joint
    * passive joint movements accommodate postural sway, very small, 1-2º max
* Bone
    *  support for locomotion
    *  protection to vulnerable internal organs


sources (j put links, figure out citing later):

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19494659/ -bones
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5869197/ - muscles postural control
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8645986/ - vision 

