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# 條碼進化論 ![](https://i.imgur.com/hhbqUAE.png) ## 二進位 世界上可以分成 10 種人,懂二進位的人,以及不懂二進位的人。 ## 條碼(barcode) -- 一維條碼 ### 掃描原理 想要辨識條碼就要經過 掃描 與 解碼 兩個過程。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/3WiUGF9.jpg) 掃描: 當掃描器(有光筆、感光耦合元件(CCD)、雷射三種)光源發出的光在條碼上反射後,反射光照到掃描器內部的光電轉換器上,光電轉換器根據強弱不同的光訊號,轉換成相應的電訊號。 解碼: 電訊號輸出到放大電路增強訊號之後,再送到整形電路將類比訊號轉換成數位訊號。 ___ ### 商品條碼的結構與編碼方式 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Whxz4rZ.jpg) ▲ 以EAN-13來舉例 #### 條碼的結構 靜區:空白區域,除了能防止條碼周圍被占用,左空白也能讓掃描設備做好掃描準備,右空白則是保證掃描設備正確識別條碼的結束標記。 起始字元:第一位字元,具有特殊結構,當掃描器讀取到該字元時,就代表正式讀取代碼了。 資料字元:條碼的資料內容。(不同條碼種類有不同的編碼規則,甚至同種也會有不同的編碼規則) 校驗字元:檢驗讀取到的資料是否正確。(不同條碼種類可能會有不同的校驗規則) 終止字元:最後一位字元,具有特殊結構,掃描器讀取到該字元時,表示代碼掃描完畢,甚至還能作為二次校驗。 #### 編碼方式 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Hk2LLsr.png) ▲ EAN-13的各代碼意義 ##### EAN條碼之字元編碼構造 ![](https://i.imgur.com/GgbjY7o.jpg) ##### 左資料碼與右資料碼 ![](https://i.imgur.com/PO89UDM.jpg) ##### 檢查碼 |4|7|1|0|0|1|8|1|6|5|1|0|8| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| |B13|B12|B11|B10|B9|B8|B7|B6|B5|B4|B3|B2|C| 1. 先將B2,B4,B6,B8,B10,B12的值相加起來,然後乘以3 (0+5+1+1+0+7)*3=42 2. 將B3,B5,B7,B9,B11,B13的值相加起來 (1+6+8+0+1+4)=20 3. 將步驟1的值 加上 步驟2的值,取其個位數 42+20=62, 取個位數2 4. 用10去減掉步驟3取到的個位數 10-2=8 ___ ### 常見的條碼種類(每個編碼方式不一定相同喔) - Code39 常用於: 帳單 範例圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/kG8zrVA.jpg) - Code 128 常用於: 身分證 範例圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/QJ0JeEY.jpg) - EAN-13 常用於: 商品 屬於國際標準條碼,在GS1系統稱之為GTIN-13條碼 範例圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/UpyQyEy.png) - EAN-8 常用於: 面積比較小的商品 屬於國際標準條碼,在GS1系統稱之為GTIN-8條碼 範例圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/LQ1c1dv.jpg) - ITF-14 常用於: 外箱 只能用於標識非零售商品外箱 範例圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/h0w2DwI.png) - ISBN 常用於: 書籍 國際標準書號長度為13碼或者10碼(在2007年1月1日之前)數字 範例圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/lonxJOO.jpg) - ISSN 常用於: 雜誌書刊 範例圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/TjkeJT6.jpg) ## 二維條碼(two-dimensional barcode) ### 為什麼要二維條碼 ![](https://i.imgur.com/QfDFSCI.png) ### QR code(Quick Response Code) #### 尺寸 QR Code的尺寸越大,能夠承載的資訊量也就越多 ![](https://i.imgur.com/AUr9clO.jpg) #### 容錯能力 - L(低):可修正7%的字碼。 - M(中):可修正15%的字碼。 - Q(中高):可修正25%的字碼。 - H(高):可修正30%的字碼。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/7rbbRRl.png) ▲ 此圖為H等級容錯 #### 最大容量 容錯能力越高,同等級的QR Code能夠容量的資訊量就越少 就版本40和容錯等級L而言,最多可以存 ![](https://i.imgur.com/W4N0anJ.png) #### 結構 ![](https://i.imgur.com/94yW40l.jpg) #### 掩碼(Masking) 編碼結束之後,為了避免資料區域出現連續的空白、連續的黑色區域、或是和定位點相似的圖形,還會再進行掩碼程序,透過演算法,選擇合適的掩碼圖案 ![](https://i.imgur.com/imgvD90.png) #### 編碼方式 ![](https://i.imgur.com/lZ2tt3F.jpg) 每個Version的QR Code訊息編排順序都不同,容錯等級也牽涉到QR Code的訊息編排方式,因此就算是同樣的訊息,也會產生不同的QR Code。 ### 常見種類 - PDF417 (注意此為堆疊式條形碼) ![](https://i.imgur.com/m2WxrGu.png) - QR code (矩陣條形碼) ![](https://i.imgur.com/UNeejPk.png) - Data Matrix (矩陣條形碼) 常用於: 美國商品的廠商或檢驗單位 ![](https://i.imgur.com/2BlI56j.png) - MaxiCode (矩陣條形碼) 常用於: 美國的快遞公司 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Uq4bym1.png) - CrontoSign (矩陣條形碼) 常用於: 瑞士銀行的電子銀行訪問和交易身份驗證 ![](https://i.imgur.com/3jK3xjp.png) ## 條碼小實作 請先安裝python圖像庫([pip install Pillow](https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/)) 商品條碼 ([pip install python-barcode](https://pypi.org/project/python-barcode/)) ```python= from barcode import EAN13 from barcode.writer import ImageWriter your_data = '4710088412539' with open('barcode.png', 'wb') as f: EAN13(your_data, writer=ImageWriter()).write(f) ``` ![](https://i.imgur.com/Ij28YjW.png) qr code ([pip install qrcode](https://pypi.org/project/qrcode/)) ```python= import qrcode your_data = 'something' qr = qrcode.QRCode( version=1, error_correction=qrcode.constants.ERROR_CORRECT_L, box_size=10, border=4, ) qr.add_data(your_data) qr.make(fit=True) img = qr.make_image() img.save("qrcode.png") ``` ![](https://i.imgur.com/zWTHOAZ.png) 另一個qr套件 ([pip intall MyQR](https://pypi.org/project/MyQR/)) ```python= from MyQR import myqr myqr.run(words = 'hi my friend', picture='rick-roll-rick-ashley.gif', version = 6, level = 'H', colorized = True, save_name = '動態qrcode.gif') ``` ![](https://i.imgur.com/ityZCUb.gif) 甚至可以利用容錯特性加上logo ![](https://i.imgur.com/Z9BwImF.gif) ## 參考資料 [Andy的條碼世界](http://www.appsbarcode.com/index.php) [Barcoding Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)](https://www.barcodesinc.com/faq/) [線上生成條碼,條碼生成器](https://www.gaitubao.com/hk/barcode) [商品條碼的運作原理 | 一探啾竟 第9集 | 啾啾鞋](https://youtu.be/L4YNWUJD8Do) [QR Code發展與歷史介紹:運作原理、特色、編碼結構分析](https://www.cool3c.com/article/150348)

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