---
# System prepended metadata

title: Amis(Pangcah) Grammar 阿美語語法筆記
tags: [amis_grammar]

---

---
tags: Amis(Pangcah), grammar, vocabulary
---

# Amis(Pangcah) Grammar 阿美語語法筆記

## Preface 前言

...

## Content 目錄

...

```
- dependent 
  - ptc. particle
- independent 
  - stable
  - unstable 
  - nou.
  - prn.
  - ver.
  - adj.
  - adv.
  
```

## Part 01 Phonology & Orthograhpy 書寫

- [Chapter 00 General]() -- 概述(書寫)
- [Chapter 01 Alphabet](/tRrWDWMCQL-VkpVw22U8Sw) -- 字母
- [Chapter 02 Phonetic]() -- 聲韻
- [Chapter 03 Syllable]() -- 音節
- [Chapter 05 Punctual Mark]() -- 標點符號
- [Chapter 06 Newline]() -- 換行
- [Chapter 07 Uppercase & Lowercase]() -- 大寫小寫
- [Chapter 08 Abbreviation]() -- 縮寫

## Part 02 Morphology 詞法

```
Category:

- Noun
- Pronoun
- Particle
- Verb
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Preposition
- Conjunction
- Interjection
- Number
- ...

By Root & Affix:

- 體言 
- 用言
- 助詞
- 詞綴
```

- [Chapter 00 General](/xQJGuh_kRdiMb4Gn-fEzWg) -- 概述
- [Chapter 01 Noun](/OqRI5u-PRXCzRr6aWLGD3A) -- 名詞
- [Chapter 02 Pronoun](/GhnzdFySQzq2oF1LQUxjuw) -- 代詞
- [Chapter 03 Particle](/sH4iCOwFQsCaJhwgdrEbvA) -- 助詞
- [Chapter 04 Verb](/2I7m_MjlRyup-itY3VIuVg) -- 動詞 ``->vrb.dyn``
- [Chapter 05 Adjective]() -- 形容詞 ``-> vrb.stc``
- [Chapter 06 Adverb]() -- 副詞 ``-> vrb.stc``
- [Chapter 07 (Pre)position]() -- 介系詞? ``-> ptc.``
- [Chapter 08 Conjunction]() -- 連接詞? ``-> ptc.``
- [Chapter 09 Interjection]() -- 語助詞? ``-> ptc.``
- [Chapter 10 Number]() -- 數詞
- [Chapter 11 Other]()

## Part 03 Syntax 語法

- [Chapter 00 General]() -- 概述
- [Chapter 01 Component]() -- 句法組件
- [Chapter 02 Structure]() -- 句法架構
- [Chapter 03 Agreement]() -- 一致
- [Chapter 04 Allocate]() -- 
- [Chapter 05 Collocate]() -- 
- [Chapter 06 Knowledge]() -- 補充知識

## Part 04 Notes 筆記

### O Laleko^ no Sowal no Pangcah (Kolas Foting 朱清義)

- [Chapter 01 句的概念 Concept of Sentence]()
- [Chapter 02 謂語的種類 Types of Predicate]()
- [Chapter 03 主語的種類 Types of Subject]()
- [Chapter 04 動詞 Verb]()
- [Chapter 05 名詞 Noun]()
- [Chapter 06 人稱代詞 Personal Pronoun]()
- [Chapter 07 指示代詞 Demonstrative Pronoun]()
- [Chapter 08 不定代名詞 Indifinite Pronoun]()
- [Chapter 09 形容詞 Adjective]()
- [Chapter 10 數詞 Number]()
- [Chapter 11 語助詞 Interjection]()
- [Chapter 12 後置詞 Post-Particle]()
- [Chapter 13 連接詞 Connective Particle]()
- [Chapter 14 祈使句 Imperative Sentence]()
- [Chapter 15 疑問句 Interrogative Sentence]()
- [Chapter 16 否定句 Negative Snetence]()
- [Chapter 17 引述句 Indirect Speech]()
- [Chapter 18 感嘆詞 Interjective]()
- [Chapter 19 轉折語 Transition Word]()
- [Chapter 20 副詞 Adverb]()
- [Chapter 21 句子的種類 Type of Sentence]()
- [Chapter 22 詞性與句型變換 Transforming between POS & Form of Sentence]()
- [Chapter 23 衍生詞 Derived Words]()

### O Pitodongan to Caciyaw no 'Amis (Norman 高清玄)

- [Preface]()
- [Content]()
- [Chapter 01 Noun]()
- [Chapter 02 Pronoun]()
- [Chapter 03 Adjective01]()
- [Chapter 04 Adjective02]()
- [Chapter 05 Adjective03]()
- [Chapter 06 Adverb01]()
- [Chapter 07 Adverb02]()
- [Chapter 08 Verb01]()
- [Chapter 09 Verb02]()
- [Chapter 10 Verb03]()
- [Chapter 11 Gerund01]()
- [Chapter 12 Gerund02]()
- [Chapter 13 (Pre)position]()
- [Chapter 14 Article???]()
- [Chapter 15]()...

### Amis Grammar (Prof. Wu)

### Amis Word Category & Education (Prof. Wu)

### Amis Grammar (PhD. Dakoc)

- [Preface]()
- [Content]()
- [Chapter 01]()
- [Chapter 02]()
- [Chapter 03]()
- [Chapter 04]()
- [Chapter 05]()
- [Chapter 06]()
- [Chapter 07]()
- [Chapter 08]()
- ... 
- [Appendix]()

## Appendix 

```
-  Preface …                前言
-  Content …                目錄   <- YOU ARE HERE
-     Part 01 Orthograghy   正寫法
   Chapter 01 General (概述)
   Chapter 02 Alphabet (字母)
      Unit 01 General - 介紹
      Unit 02 Alphabet - 字母
   Chapter 03 Phonetic (拼音 (IPA))
      Unit 01 General - 介紹
      Unit 02 Vowel - 元音 (母音)
       Sec 01 Oral  口
       Sec 02 Nasal 鼻
      Unit 03 Consonant - 輔音 (子音)
      Unit 04 Semi-vowel - 半元音
      Unit 05 Diphthong - 雙元音
       Sec 01 Increase... 上升元音
       Sec 02 Decrease... 下降元音
      Unit 06 Triphthong  參元音
      Unit 05 Consonant Cluster 輔音群 
      Unit 06 Consonant Digraph 二合字母
      Unit 07 Sound Indicator   
       Sec 01 Acute       # á ê ó í ú
       Sec 02 Circumflex  # â ê ô 
       Sec 03 Tilde       # aã oõ 
       Sec 04 Grave       # à
       Sec 05 Trema       # ü
       Sec 06 Apostrophe  # '
       sec 07 Cedilla     # ç
   Chapter 04 Syllable      音節
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Divise...
      Unit 03 Stressed & Unstressed 
      Unit 04 Accent Rules 
      Unit 05 Intonation, Pause, Linking 
       Sec 01 Indicative Sen.
       Sec 02 Interrogative Sen. with irr.
       Sec 03 Interrogative Sen. without irr. 
       Sec 04 Interrogative Sen. Alternative 
       Sec 05 Exclamative Sen. 
       Sec 06 Imperative Sen.
       Sec 07 Pause of Sen.
       Sec 08 Syllable & Single Word 
   Chapter 05 Punctual Mark  標點符號
       Sec 01 .
       Sec 02 ,
       Sec 03 ;
       Sec 04 :
       Sec 05 !
       Sec 06 ?
       Sec 07 "..."/'...'
       Sec 08 (...)
       Sec 09 {...}
       Sec 10 [...]
       Sec 11 <...>
       Sec 12 ~
       Sec 13 -
       Sec 14 +
       Sec 15 -
       Sec 16 *
       Sec 17 /
       Sec 18 =
       Sec 19 #
       Sec 20 @
       Sec 21 $ 
       Sec 22 %
       Sec 23 § 
       Sec 26 ^
   Chapter 06 Newline (移行)
   Chapter 07 Uppercase & Lowercase 大寫小寫
      Unit 01 Uppercase 
      Unit 02 Lowercase 
   Chapter 08 Abbreviation  縮寫 
-     Part 02 Morphology  詞法
   Chapter 01 General       概要
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Type 
       Sec 01 Noun     名詞
       Sec 02 Pronoun  代詞
       Sec 03 Particle 助詞
       Sec 04 Verb     動詞
       Sec 05 Number   數詞
       Sec 06 Other    其他
      Unit 03 Property 
       Sec 01 Number 
        Sc 01 sg.      # Singular 單數
        Sc 02 pl.      # Plural   複數
       Sec 02 Gender 
        Sc 01 mas.     # masculine 陽性
        Sc 02 fem.     # feminine  陰性
        Sc 03 neu.     # neutral   中性
        Sc 04 bsx.     # bisexual  雙性
        Sc 05 epi.     # epicene   ?
       Sec 03 Case 
        Sc 01 nom.     # nominative   主格
        Sc 02 acc.     # accusative   受格
        Sc 03 dat.     # dative       與格
        Sc 04 obl.     # oblique      斜格
        Sc 05 gen.     # genitive     屬格
        Sc 06 pos.     # possessive   所有格
        Sc 07 ins.     # instrumental 工具格
        Sc 08 loc.     # locative     位置格
        Sc 09 voc.     # vocative     呼格
       Sec 04 Degree  
        Sc 01 nml.     # normal       一般級
        Sc 02 aum.     # aumentative  ?
        Sc 03 dmn.     # diminutive   ?
       Sec 05 Tense
        Sc 01 prs.     # present      現在
        Sc 02 pst.     # past         過去
        Sc 03 ftr.     # future       未來
       Sec 06 Aspect 
        Sc 01 smp.     # simple       簡單
        Sc 02 ctn.     # continous    進行
        Sc 03 ipf.     # imperfect    未完成
        Sc 04 pfc.     # perfect      完成
       Sec 07 Voice
        Sc 01 act.     # active    主動句
        Sc 02 psv.     # passive   被動句 
        Sc 03 rfl.     # reflexive 反身句
       sec 08 Mood 
        Sc 01 idc.     # indicative  陳述句
        Sc 02 cjn.     # conjunctive ?
        Sc 03 cdt.     # conditional 條件句
        Sc 04 imp.     # imperative  祈使句
        Sc 05 ifn.     # infinitive  
         * 01 prs.     # present infinitive 現在分詞
         * 02 pst.     # past infinitive    過去分詞
        Sc 06 grn.     # gerund             動名詞
      Unit 04 Morphology...? # Adding...
   Chapter 02 Noun
      Unit 01 General
      Unit 02 Type 
       Sec 01 cmn.   # common     普通
       Sec 02 ppr.   # proper     專有
       Sec 03 sng.   # single     單獨
       Sec 04 clt.   # collective 集合
       Sec 05 abs.   # abstract   抽象
       Sec 06 ccr.   # concrete   具體
      Unit 03 Property 
       Sec 01 Number
        Sc 01 sg.    # singular 單數
        Sc 02 pl.    # plural   複數
        Sc 03 bn.    # binomial 雙數
       Sec 02 Gender
        Sc 01 mas.   # masculine 陽性
        Sc 02 fem.   # feminine  陰性
        Sc 03 bsx.   # bisexual  雙性
        Sc 04 epi.   # epicene   ?
       Sec 03 Case 
        Sc 01 nom.   # nominative   主格
        Sc 02 acc.   # accusative   受格
        Sc 03 dat.   # dative       與格
        Sc 04 obl.   # olique       斜格 
        Sc 05 gen.   # genitive     屬格
        Sc 06 pos.   # possessive   所有格
        Sc 07 ins.   # instrumental 工具格
        Sc 08 loc.   # locative     位置格
        Sc 09 voc.   # vocative     呼格
       Sec 04 Degree 
   Chapter 02 Pronoun                代詞
      Unit 01 General
      Unit 02 Type 
       Sec 01 psl.   # personal      人稱
        Sc 01 1st.{sg./pl.}
        Sc 02 2nd.{sg./pl.}
        Sc 03 3rd.{sg./pl.}
       Sec 02 psv.   # possessive    所有  
       Sec 03 dms.   # demonstrative 指示
        Sc 01 nou-tive  名詞態
        Sc 02 adj-tive  形容態
        Sc 03 locative  方位態
       Sec 04 itr.   # interrogative 疑問
       Sec 05 idf.   # indefine      不定
       Sec 06 rlt.   # relative      關係
      Unit 03 Property 
       Sec 01 Number 
        Sc 01 sg.    # singular 單數 
        Sc 02 pl.    # plural   複數
        Sc 03 bn.    # binomial 雙數
       Sec 02 Gender
        Sc 01 mas.   # masculine  
        Sc 02 fem.   # feminine 
        Sc 03 bsx.   # bisexual 
        Sc 04 epi.   # epicene 
       Sec 03 Case 
        Sc 01 nom.   # nominative 
        Sc 02 acc.   # accusative 
        Sc 03 dat.   # dative 
        Sc 04 obl.   # olique 
        Sc 05 gen.   # genitive 
        Sc 06 pos.   # possessive 
        Sc 07 ins.   # instrumental 
        Sc 08 loc.   # locative 
        Sc 09 voc.   # vocal 
       Sec 04 Degree 
      Unit 04 Other...
   Chapter 03 Particle*
      Unit 01 Case Marker 
      Unit 02 Article???
   Chapter 04 Verb                動詞
      Unit 01 General
      Unit 02 Type 
       Sec 01 Regular 
       Sec 02 Irregular 
       Sec 03 Common 
       Sec 04 Special 
      Unit 03 Property 
       Sec 05 Tense
        Sc 01 prs.     # present 現在式
        Sc 02 pst.     # past    過去式
        Sc 03 ftr.     # future  未來式
       Sec 06 Aspect
        Sc 01 smp.     # simple    簡單
        Sc 02 ctn.     # continous 進行
        Sc 03 ipf.     # imperfect 未完成
        Sc 04 pfc.     # perfect   完成
       Sec 07 Voice
        Sc 01 act.     # active       主動 
        Sc 02 psv.     # passive      被動 
        Sc 03 rfl.     # reflexive    反身
        Sc 04 ins.     # instrumental 工具 
        Sc 05 loc.     # locative     地點 
        Sc 06 drt.     # directive    方向?
        Sc 07 gol.     # goal         目標
       Sec 08 Mood 
        Sc 01 idc.     # indicative
        Sc 02 cjn.     # conjunctive 
        Sc 03 cdt.     # conditional 
        Sc 04 imp.     # imperative 
        Sc 05 ifn.     # infinitive 
         * 01 prs.     # present infinitive
         * 02 pst.     # past infinitive 
        Sc 06 grn.     # gerund 
       Sec 09 Polarity
        Sc 01 Affirmative # +
        Sc 02 Negative    # -
   Chapter 05 Adjective            形容詞
      Unit 01 General
      Unit 02 Type 
       Sec 01 Explicative # common 
       Sec 02 Restrict    # limit 
       Sec 03 Relative 
       Sec 04 Patriotic 
       Sec 05 Single 
       Sec 06 Compound 
      Unit 03 Property... 
   Chapter 06 Adverb               副詞
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Type
       Sec 01 loc.   # locative    地點副詞
       Sec 02 tme.   # time        時間副詞
       Sec 03 mnr.   # manner      情態副詞
       Sec 04 deg.   # degree      程度副詞
       Sec 05 aff.   # affirmative 肯定副詞
       Sec 06 neg.   # negative    否定副詞
       Sec 07 dbt.   # doubt       懷疑副詞
       Sec 08 itr.   # interrogative 疑問副詞
       Sec 09 dsn.   # design?     ?
       Sec 10 inc.   # include     排除副詞
       Sec 11 exc.   # exclude     包含副詞
      Unit 02 Property... 
   Chapter 07 Position (Preposition) 介系詞
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Type 
       Sec 01 Simple 
       Sec 02 Compound 
      Unit 03 Property...
   Chapter 08 Conjunction 連接詞
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Type
       Sec 01 Coordinate  對等連接詞
        Sc 01 Copulative
        Sc 02 Adversative 
        Sc 03 Disjunctive
        Sc 04 Conclusive
        Sc 05 Explainative 
       Sec 02 Subordinate  從屬連接詞
        Sc 01 Integral     # additional 
        Sc 02 Causal       # causal reason 
        Sc 03 Concessive   # step back 
        Sc 04 Conditional  # condition 
        Sc 05 Final        # goal 
        Sc 06 Time         # time 
        Sc 07 Consecutive  # result 
        Sc 08 Comparative  # compare 
        Sc 09 Conformative # according to...
        Sc 10 Proportional # more..., lesser...
      Unit 03 Property...
   Chapter 09 Interjection 嘆詞
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Typr...
      Unit 03 Property...
   Chapter 10 Number       數詞
      Unit 01 General    
      Unit 02 Classs 
       Sec 01 crd.   # cardinal       基數
       Sec 02 ord.   # ordinal        序數
       Sec 03 mlt.   # multiplicative 乘?
       Sec 04 frc.   # fractional     除?
       Sec 05 clt.   # collective     集合?
   Chapter 11 Others
   Chapter 12 Affix
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Class 
       Sec 01 pfx.   # prefix
       Sec 02 sfx.   # suffix 
       Sec 03 ifx.   # infix  ...adding more 
-     Part 03 Syntax
   Chapter 01 General    概述
   Chapter 02 Components 文法組件
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Type 
       Sec 01 Subject                 #                主詞
       Sec 02 Object                  # <acc./dat.>    受詞
        Sc 01 Direct Object           直接受詞
        Sc 02 Indirect Object         間接受詞
       Sec 02 Predicate               # <vrb./adj.>... 謂語
       Sec 03 Complement(Predicative) # <nou./vrb.>    補語
       Sec 04 Difiner(Attribute)      # for nou.       限定詞?
       Sec 05 Modifier                # for not nou.   修飾詞?
      Unit 03 Property 
   Chapter 03 Sentence   句子
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Type 
       Sec 01 Simple 
       Sec 02 Compound 
       Sec 03 Clause 
       Sec 04 Noun Clause 
       Sec 05 Adjective Clause
       Sec 06 Adverb Clause 
   Chapter 04 Agreement * 一致
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Verb Agreement 
       Sec 01 Verb & Subject 
       Sec 02 Verb & Subject Simple 
       Sec 03 Verb & Subject Compound 
       Sec 04 Verb & Predicative 
      Unit 03 Noun Agreement 
       Sec 01 Noun & Definer 
       Sec 02 Noun & Predicative 
       Sec 03 Noun & Apposition 
      Unit 04 Irregular Agreement 
       Sec 01 Gender 
       Sec 02 Number 
       Sec 03 Personal 
      Unit 05 Other...
   Chapter 05 Allocate  * 調配?
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 ...
   Chapter 06 Collocate * 安排
      Unit 01 General 
      Unit 02 Type 
       Sec 01 Direct 
       Sec 02 Reverse 
      Unit 03 Sentence Pattern 
   Chapter 07 Knowledge * 知識 (族群歷史/地理/文化/語言...)
      Unit 01 History 
      Unit 02 Situation 
      Unit 03 ...
- Appendix ...

```