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# ACIT 2620

## Week 5

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# Internet Protocol Version 4

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## TCP/IP Suite

- Internet Protocol (IP)
- Routing Protocols (Used in routing table generation)
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

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## Recap: Data-link layer

- Generally Ethernet
- Handles the movement of data between nodes on the same link
- Present on every network device
- Data Link Specific Devices: bridge, hub, switch

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## Network Layer

- __Goal__: move packets for source to destination
- __Path Determination__:
the calculation of the route taken by packets -> routing
- __Forwarding__:
The movement of a packet from one network to the next appropriate network

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## Network Layer functions


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## Internet Protocol (IP)

- Provides information about how and where data should be delivered
- Responsible for __internetworking__ (from where the term internet is derived)

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- To internetwork is to traverse more than one LAN segment and more than one type of network through a router
- In an internetwork, the individual networks that are joined together are called subnetworks

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- IP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol, which means it does not guarantee delivery of data
- i.e IP will service a request without requesting verified session and without guaranteeing delivery of data, making it simpler and faster

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## IP Addressing

- __IP address__: 32-bit identifier for host, router interface
- __interface__: connection between host, router and physical link
- routers typically have multiple interfaces
- host may have multiple interfaces
- IP addresses associated with interface, not host, router

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### Components of an IP address

- network part (high order bits)
- host part (low order bits)

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### IP Network

- device interfaces with same network part of IP address
- can physically reach each other without intervening router

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- How many networks do you see?


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## IP Address Space


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## IP range notations

- __CIDR__: Classless Inter Domain Routing
- network portion of address of arbitrary length
- address format: __`a.b.c.d/x`__, where `x` is # of bits in network portion of address
- Also written as address + subnet mask


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- CIDR using Subnet Mask
- Usually written in dotted decimal notation reminiscent of an IP address


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## Special Addresses

- Private IP Addresses
- 10.0.0.0 -> 10.255.255.255
- 172.16.0.0 -> 172.31.255.255
- 192.168.0.0 -> 192.168.255.255

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- Documentation IP Addresses
- 192.0.2.0 -> 192.0.2.255
- Self-Configured IP Addresses (often DHCP Failure)
- 169.254.0.0 -> 169.254.255.255

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- Unknown Address
- 0.0.0.0
- Loopback Address
- 127.0.0.1 (actually, 127.0.0.0/8)
- Network Address (All host bits set to 1)
- E.g: 192.168.1.0, Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

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## Broadcasting and Multicasting

- Limited Broadcast
- 255.255.255.255
- Transmitted only on local segment -> not routed
- Network Broadcast Address
- Network Address + All host bits set to one
- Network Address = 192.168.1.x
- Network Broadcast Address = 192.168.1.255

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- Multicast Address
- Lie within the 224.0.0.0 /4 network
- http://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses

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## IPv4 Header


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## IPv4 routing: the basics


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## Next: IPv4 subnetting

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## Reading List

- [IPv4 Subnets](http://intronetworks.cs.luc.edu/current2/html/ipv4.html#ipv4-subnets)