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# System prepended metadata

title: Object Detection Survey
tags: [Survey]

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# Object Detection Survey
###### tags:`Survey`

## Two types of frameworks
![](https://i.imgur.com/C8QRXRS.png)

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## Dataset
![](https://i.imgur.com/LhnmV83.png)

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##  Evaluation Criteria
* Detection speed `Frames Per Second (FPS)`
* Precision / Recall
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## Detection Method
### Region Based (Two Stage) Frameworks
* R-CNN 
* SPPNet
* Fast R-CNN
* Faster R-CNN
* R-FCN (Region based Fully Convolutional Network)
    * proposed using all CONV layers to construct a shared RoI sub-network,  and RoI crops are taken from the last layer of CONV features
* FPN
* Mask R-CNN
    * first stage : RPN
    * second stage : predicting the class and box offset which adds a branch (outputs a binary mask for each RoI). 
* Chained Cascade Network & Cascade R-CNN
    * multistage classifiers
    * first stage : removing large amounts of background
    * second stage : classifying the remaining regions. 
* Light Head RCNN
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### Unified (One Stage) Frameworks
* DetectorNet `the first to explore CNNs for object detection`
* OverFeat
* YOLO
* YOLOv2
* SSD
* CornerNet
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### Overview
![](https://i.imgur.com/TZvALJ6.png)
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## Applications
### Pedestrian Detection
#### Difficulties and Challenges
* Small pedestrian
  `In Caltech Dataset, 15% of the pedestrians are less than 30 pixels in height`
* Backgrounds are very similar to pedestrians
* Occluded pedestrian
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### Face Detection
#### Difficulties and Challenges
* Human faces may present a variety of expressions, skin colors, poses, and movements
![](https://i.imgur.com/wLLYUKC.png)
* Occlusion
* Multi-scale detection
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### Text Detection
#### Difficulties and Challenges
* Different fonts and languages
* Text rotation and perspective distortion
* Text lines with large aspect ratios and dense layout are difficult to localize
![](https://i.imgur.com/9984YSr.png)
* Broken and blurred characters
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### Traffic Sign and Traffic Light Detection
#### Difficulties and Challenges
* Detection will be particularly difficult when driving into the sun glare or at night
* Motion blur
![](https://i.imgur.com/iGyjIfg.png)
* Bad weather 
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### Remote Sensing Target Detection
#### Difficulties and Challenges
* Detection in “big data”
    > how to quickly and accurately detect remote sensing targets remains a problem.
* Occluded targets
* Remote sensing images captured by different sensors present a high degree of differences.
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### A Survey Paper on Object Detection Methods in Image Processing
| Year                           | Paper                                                                                | Technique Used                                                   | Results                                                                                                                                                  |
| ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 2019                           | Fruit Quality Inspection System Using Digital Image Processing Technique             | Minimum distance classifier using a statistical distance measure | Pattern recognition using higher order spectral invariants is fast, suited for parallel implementation, and has high immunity to additive Gaussian noise |
| 2018                           | Multi-scale deep neural network for salient object detection                         | Convolution Neural Network ( CNN)                                | 在多個datasets上，結果表明基於深度學習的模型比其他方法表現更好                                                                                           |
| <font color="#f00">2018</font> | You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection                              | Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks.                      | The proposed R-CNN based model was able to process images at the rate of 155 frames per second                                                           |
| 2018                           | Currency Detection and Recognition Based on Deep Learning                            | 檢測紙幣正面和反面的特徵                                         | Achieved accuracy rate of 96.6%                                                                                                                          |
| 2016                           | SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector                                                   | Single deep neural network                                       | Accuracy (76.9%)  achieved using Single shot multibox detector                                                                                           |
| 2016                           | Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Computer-Aided Detection: CNN Architectures   | Deep CNN based models in the area of medical imaging             | Medical imaging cases and was able to arrive at a sensitivity rate of 85%                                                                                |
| 2015                           | A practical implementation of face detection by using Matlab cascade object detector | Viola Jones algorithm                                            | 針對不同的調諧參數，分析了face detectors的性能。                                                                                                         |
| 2014                           | Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Efficient Pose Estimation in Gesture Videos   | Convolution Neural Network ( CNN)                                | The results were found to be encouraging and findings could be utilized by other public datasets                                                         |
| 2003                           | Face recognition vendor test 2002 :                                                  | Face recognition vendor test (FRVT).                             | 與女性相比，識別男性可能更容易。                                         |
| 2001                           | Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features                    | Machine Learning Based Approach|Design is highly effective in processing images at fast pace and achieving outcome in form of higher rate of object detection|

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Refference
* Deep Learning for Generic Object Detection: A Survey
* Object Detection With Deep Learning: A Review
* Object Detection in 20 Years: A Survey
* A Survey Paper on Object Detection Methods in Image Processing