英文新聞報告-How to spot a manipulated image

# 英文新聞報告-How to spot a manipulated image 原文網址連結：[How to spot a manipulated image](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240311-how-to-spot-a-manipulated-image)  ## 資料整理與簡報內容 - 簡述文章內容 - 總結文章 - 提出及探討想法 - 總結全文 ## 簡報講稿 >從這裡開始 ## 解析與註釋 ### 摘要由凱特王妃跟其孩子的照片被指控出有被竄改的跡象入題，探討可以如何去辨別被竄改的照片。其中就有提到可以透過： - 異常光線 - 陰影不一致 - AI生成的缺陷 - 數位照片的 metadata - 數位相機感測器獨特的缺陷來判斷照片的真偽。 >**Copilot** >prompt： >``` >幫我用繁體中文總結一下文章 >並撰寫摘要 >https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240311-how-to-spot-a-manipulated-image >``` >Result： >當然，這篇文章提供了一些提示，幫助識別是否有圖像被修改或偽造： > - 異常光線：如果人物眼中的光點大小和顏色與位置不符，或在兩眼之間看起來不同，可能是圖片被修改的跡象。 > - 陰影不一致：如果圖像是由多張照片拼接而成，物體的陰影可能不會對齊。同時，也要注意光線如何在主題臉上播放，例如太陽在他們身後時，他們的耳朵可能看起來紅紅的。 > - AI生成的缺陷：人工智能在渲染手和耳朵方面表現不佳，可能會扭曲它們的形狀、比例甚至手指數量。 > - 數位圖像的元數據：數位相機拍攝圖像時，元數據會寫入圖像文件，例如時間戳可以揭示照片的真實性。 > > 這篇文章還提到了一些互聯網公司如Google推出的圖像驗證工具，以及Facebook和Instagram開始標記來自Meta自己系統的AI生成圖像，並計劃對其他公司的AI工具生成的圖片做同樣的處理。這些工具可以幫助人們識別AI生成的圖像。 ### 原文 >## How to spot a manipulated image >8 days ago >**By Richard Gray,** Features correspondent, ++@chalkmark++ 要如何辨識被篡改的圖片 :::info **單字** - spot v. 看見，看出;注意到 - manipulated v. （常指以不正當手段）操縱，控制 - correspondent n. 記者 ::: >**Amid allegations that an official photograph of the Princess of Wales[^PrincessOfWales] had been "manipulated", here are some clues that can help you identify if an image has been altered or faked.** 有很多指控表示凱特王妃官方的照片被竄改過，有一些線索可以幫助你判斷一張照片是否被修改或被偽造過。 :::info **單字** - amid prep. 在…中間，在…當中;為…環繞 - allegation n. （未經證實的）指責，指控 - clue n. 線索;跡象;提示 - altered adj. 改變了;不同了 ::: >In a world where pictures can be digitally altered with just a few clicks or even generated entirely from scratch by artificial intelligence (AI), it is becoming ever harder to trust what our eyes see. 很容易透過AI去竄改一張照片的內容，要更加小心去判斷眼睛所看到的是否是真實的。 >==The techniques used to manipulate images are so sophisticated that we have entered the era of the hyper-realistic fake.== Such images can lead to the spread of misinformation and could even influence public opinion in [**important events such as elections**](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68471253). 竄蓋照片的技巧複雜到我們進入了可以偽造的很逼真的時代。並且是會導致資訊誤導，甚至會影響大眾風向。 eg. 影響選舉：[AI can be easily used to make fake election photos - report]( https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68471253) :::info **單字** - sophisticated adj. 精密的，複雜的；高級的 - hyper-realistic adj. 超級逼真的 ::: >With a picture of the Princess of Wales[^PrincessOfWales] and her children being [**withdrawn by news agencies amid concerns it had been "manipulated"**](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68526972), the issue has been thrown into the spotlight like never before. 凱特王菲跟她小孩的照片被新聞機構撤回，擔心其為被竄改的照片。這個問題被丟到檯面上，並且有著以往從未有的熱度。引用：[Kate photo withdrawn by five news agencies amid 'manipulation' concerns](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68526972) :::info **單字** - withdraw v. 抽回;取回;提取;撤回;撤離;退出;移回 - agency n. 政府專門機構;政府內的局，部，處 ::: >The Princess of Wales[^PrincessOfWales] later apologised for making the changes to the image, stating that "like many amateur photographers, I do occasionally experiment with editing". (Learn more about [**how Kate's photo may have been altered in this analysis from BBC Verify**](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68534289)). 凱特王妃稍後便道歉並作出澄清。 :::info **單字** - state v. （尤指清楚謹慎地）陳述，說明，聲明 - amateur adj. 業餘愛好的，非職業的 - occasionally adv.偶爾，間或;有時 - experiment v. 進行實驗；做試驗；試用 ::: >But is there anything we can do to spot an image that might have been altered or AI generated? 提出疑問 >## Reflections and shadows 標題明指用光線反射以及影子判斷。 >==Abnormal lighting is often a giveaway that a photograph has been altered.== Check the [p**oints of light in people's eyes**](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170629-the-hidden-signs-that-can-reveal-if-a-photo-is-fake), for example; the source of light will often be reflected in their eyes. If the size and colour don't match with the location, or if they look different between the eyes, then you might have cause to be suspicious. The way subjects and objects appear in reflective surfaces in an image can also provide clues. 第一段提出用光線判斷，並舉兩個例子： - 眼睛所反射的光不符合周遭環境，或兩眼的反射不同 - 照片中的物件表面反射的光皆可以用來判斷照片真偽 :::info **單字** - abnormal adj. 反常的；異常的；變態的（尤指不好的） - suspicious adj. 可疑的，引起懷疑的 ::: >[**Shadows of objects in the image may not line up**](https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13414-019-01773-w) if it has been pieced together from multiple pictures, although bear in mind that some pictures can be taken with multiple lighting sources. It's worth looking at the way light plays across a subject's face. If the Sun is behind them, for example, their ears might look red. 第二段則是用影子去判斷可觀察光線在主體臉上的投射方式。 :::info **單字** - bear in mind v. 記住 ::: >==Artificial intelligence [**can also produce incongruent lighting**](https://www.forensicfocus.com/articles/how-to-reveal-ai-generated-images-by-checking-shadows-and-reflections-in-amped-authenticate/) and shadows==, but as algorithms improve, AI-generated faces are often [**perceived as being more real than human faces**](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976231207095). 人工智慧同樣會產生不自然的光線，但比較真實 :::info **單字** - incongruent adj. 不協調的；不合適的；不一致的 - perceive v. 認為;看待;視為 ::: >## Hands and ears >Another tell-tale approach is to look for features that are hard to replicate. ==AI is currently [**poor at rendering hands**](https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/why-ai-generated-hands-are-the-stuff-of-nightmares-explained-by-a-scientist) and [**ears**](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/rabbit-holes/the-uncanny-failures-of-ai-generated-hands), mangling their shapes, proportions and even the number of fingers.== These are the same features that often trouble artists, but as other aspects of AI-generated images of people become hyper-real, these inaccuracies create an [**uncanny valley**](https://www.britannica.com/topic/uncanny-valley)[^UncannyValley] that looks unnatural to our eyes. AI會產生出： - 錯誤的手指數量 - 不正確的比例 - 破圖的人形 :::info **單字** - replicate v. 使複現;重複;複製 - mangle v. 絞壞；撕爛 - proportion n. 比率，比例 - inaccuracy n. 不準確性；不精確性 ::: >==Look out for unusual or unnatural positioning of limbs or clothing in an image==, which can be a sign that a portion of it has been copied or manipulated in some way. But also remember that the flattening of the three dimensional world into a two dimensional image can make things look a little out of place at times too. One test to apply is to ==look at other elements of the image in the same field of focus and position.== Do they look blurry compared to other features nearby in the [**same depth in the photograph**](https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/7/102), or are they being ruffled by a breeze in the same way? 衣服和四肢的正常可以是一個判斷的指標。也可以用攝影學中的對焦平面以及模糊來判斷。 :::info **單字** - portion n. 一部分;一份 - flatten v. （使）變平，把…弄平 - focus n. 焦點 - ruffle v. 弄亂；弄皺；使不平整 ::: >## Look at the metadata >Hidden within the code of digital images are [**nuggets of information**](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210324-the-hidden-fingerprint-inside-your-photos) that can help to pinpoint a fake. ==Every time a digital camera snaps an image, metadata is written into the image file==. Timestamps, for example, [**led to questions**](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-hospital-photos-videos-looked-propaganda-critics/story?id=73430370&) about whether President Donald Trump was in fact at work in the White House the day after revealing he had caught Covid-19 in October 2020. metadata都會寫入影像檔案中，可用來比對真實性。現在相機都有相片的防衛機制寫在raw檔裡面。 :::info **單字** - metadata n. 元資料，後設資料 - nugget n. 小塊 ::: >## Image noise >==Every digital camera sensor features tiny manufacturing faults that lead to unique errors that leave [**a kind of "fingerprint" on pictures**](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210324-the-hidden-fingerprint-inside-your-photos)==. This is then [**associated with a specific camera**](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210324-the-hidden-fingerprint-inside-your-photos) and can help to [**identify areas of a photograph that have been manipulated**](https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6072/60720Y/Detecting-digital-image-forgeries-using-sensor-pattern-noise/10.1117/12.640109.full?casa_token=r1plNMYNivcAAAAA%3aD38Em3qmx1cA7hzsGbiLWEVJU8aQPSDu7MVyefgPejj7WfhXyCLz-tBDRXFdXeUHHtKLWr-SfZU&SSO=1&&). The grain of an [**AI-generated image can also look peculiar**](https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33BZ68V). 相機製造廠在做感測器時會有一些特別的小容錯，會像是相機的指紋一樣。並可幫助識別照片中經處理的區域。 :::info **單字** - sensor n. 感測器 - grain n. 細粒，顆粒 - peculiar adj. 奇怪的，古怪的 ::: >## Verification tools >==Internet companies such as Google have launched [**image verification tools**](https://newsinitiative.withgoogle.com/resources/trainings/verification/verification-google-image-search/?_sm_au_=iVVFqn4TfkVSfNR4JtTNkKQjqkvW4&) that can help people to spot AI-generated images.== Facebook and Instagram have started labelling AI-generated images that come from Meta's own systems and is planning to do the same for [**pictures generated by other companies' AI tools**](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-68215619). 最後講了一些驗證工具可以使用。 - Google:推出影像驗證工具 - Facebook & Instagram:對AI生成的圖像添加標籤 [^PrincessOfWales]: 威爾斯王妃凱薩琳，現任英國王儲妃。華語區慣稱**凱特王妃**。 [^UncannyValley]: **恐怖谷理論**，指人們看到機器人或者電腦製作的人類圖片時可能產生的厭惡感