<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Chuẩn bị thật tốt kiến thức cho b&agrave;i kiểm tra giữa kỳ 2 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a c&ugrave;ng VUIHOC trong Đề cương &ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 lớp 11 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a chi tiết. Mời c&aacute;c em c&ugrave;ng theo d&otilde;i b&agrave;i viết dưới đ&acirc;y.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 602px; height: 344px;"><img height="344" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/_koPnGrdztzLnMRIBP_CtI324Qxh9Vj96QiNrLqyx4HUk-LsR9k3u799Gv-LCmutIMbP_XYFbkmgHBfuiZzUFyQNLtCyFivgTvP22exfm_K1BkV3-dFGlhY4-VVmx7XiGQj2Tci4E5jyi2z6uuV0TR4" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">1. &Ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 lớp 11 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a: Hydrocacbon</span></h2>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2.1 Alkane&nbsp;</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Kh&aacute;i niệm</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Alkane l&agrave; những hydrocacbon mạch hở chỉ chứa li&ecirc;n kết đơn trong ph&acirc;n tử v&agrave; c&oacute; c&ocirc;ng thức chung CnH2n+2 ( n l&agrave; số nguy&ecirc;n </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 17px;"><img alt="\large \geq" height="17" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/5R9VUKWK_Mqtzds5rFRYQbP8ffdAwRHJc4GBNlcKnl9ku_R0fzjtjXUS5Bf0MkW6b7RmW8eTGXFa13wBZaeGfAxAIy-IXTmVdLkVailBuKxkzXdjXRDCrdJsvZsu8JQOu1sit_t2_PK8TND4-hi3TRI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 1)&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Bậc của một nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon trong ph&acirc;n tử alkane được x&aacute;c định bằng số nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon li&ecirc;n kết trực tiếp với nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon đ&oacute;. Bậc của c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon được k&iacute; hiệu bằng số La M&atilde;.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 319px; height: 183px;"><img height="183" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/akEZnw6nf1OQXa4DKmifBKgJalVjwnbXq40swhiq-UX-kIuBzViEdA_L-xtsOrM5jUx6tYbM0bHvn-i4r_Scs6-a-9V7vN4RyHy2f9TxaC1gnTrFvPSDUoqWzrYhqX7NygB52ZwghSeM1Ehg734TZ80" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="319" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. Danh ph&aacute;p</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- T&ecirc;n theo danh ph&aacute;p thay thế của alkane kh&ocirc;ng ph&acirc;n nh&aacute;nh:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Tiền tố ứng với số nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon của alkane + ane</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- T&ecirc;n theo danh ph&aacute;p thay thế của alkane ph&acirc;n nh&aacute;nh:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Số chỉ vị tr&iacute; nh&aacute;nh - t&ecirc;n nh&aacute;nh + tiền tố ứng với số nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon mạch ch&iacute;nh + ane</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. T&iacute;nh chất vật l&yacute;&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- C&aacute;c alkane đều nhẹ hơn nước, kh&ocirc;ng tan trong nước, nhưng tan trong c&aacute;c dung m&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng ph&acirc;n cực.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">d. T&iacute;nh chất h&oacute;a học</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng thế halogen:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CnH2n+2 + Cl2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 20px;"><img alt="\large \overset{as}{\rightarrow}" height="20" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/_oeGtX1pCgrRLjtald0pjiRNwWVEktfKFCra90FeMH7g5b69szMM9Wpx426TAnytC71SgREzddaAEKpjgjsmOn7ScKl8fwRTWdXLdU6p_R855ZT8Ngb3nZP-3Ln0eV759doA7JVJJxDvs6sPgaAkLHw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CnH2n+1 + HCl</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng cracking v&agrave; reforming</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CnH2n+2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/xcASpaJrjyQ7C_LZuC9wo2DtKKtLlr3N0ESsKbkR2z7qCW0OVek3SXLvquiDJ9XBP2ZJu-HJnovGNyT-eDvG0497gI5QwsEKOUeA3TO2r9NusFJEE60EWEDFvXfw2O9fmkRRm9eXnxgEzaVgpEYEPBc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CmH2m+2 + CpH2p</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng oxi h&oacute;a&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 419px; height: 45px;"><img alt="\large C_{n}H_{2n+2}+\frac{3n+1}{2}O_{2}\overset{t^{o}}{\rightarrow}nCO_{2}+(n+1)H_{2}O" height="45" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/M6zA4nV03TddyAwx1hpG9x7PkB5vGvSwTYvG1XSus42mR83jIxRuD9NVPOAu0Cvl2eqEi0rFA6thi2m1nIJtPvst2sN_AnbWlBwlSLmVSFWHppx1WDmRVqooFskYJQco3bEibKIWlwNW57eKdWl2njc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="419" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e. Điều chế &amp; Ứng dụng</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Trong c&ocirc;ng nghiệp, alkane được khai th&aacute;c, chế biến từ kh&iacute; thi&ecirc;n nhiến, kh&iacute; đồng h&agrave;nh, dầu mỏ.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Ứng dụng: Alkane d&ugrave;ng l&agrave;m nhi&ecirc;n liệu, dung m&ocirc;i, dầu nhờn... v&agrave; l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n liệu trong tổng hợp hữu cơ.&nbsp;</span></p>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2.2 Hydocacbon kh&ocirc;ng no</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Kh&aacute;i niệm:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Alkane l&agrave; những hydrocacbon mạch hở, chỉ chứa những li&ecirc;n kết đơn v&agrave; một li&ecirc;n kết đ&ocirc;i C=C trong ph&acirc;n tử, c&oacute; c&ocirc;ng thức chung CnH2n ( n </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 17px;"><img alt="\large \geq" height="17" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/jgtWG-Lyt6B2K3nkLVwHfkAa4BWtLXAstRbGBCNE6jF9K81VZ7g_oXmTo7q44dVdhGrvwFfnDTHz8byl0V5_QdnDNMOnJPNJ6pM3vaSsC4Mf532-MjfK329k_pcBhs1IA1kh-SeuLF8TUrsEA5Xpj38" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Alkyne &agrave; những hydrocacbon mạch hở, chỉ chứa những li&ecirc;n kết đơn v&agrave; một li&ecirc;n kết ba C</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 9px;"><img alt="\large \equiv" height="9" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/R3pCH2P8Mdx2_jh7FBJx9c0RhU-ASPXulDRSKZcA_Tx7ASRJM6fVa3bGLYXi3JqwshSRKF0gU9gMooCkpXlxPqDc4jF7dJ6XV3pMMLs7Ov7NZIN5OCyiwmPVe1KK5DZ5KzlWbZIJwrQCwln6Cu2Hp7A" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">C trong ph&acirc;n tử, c&oacute; c&ocirc;ng thức chung CnH2n -2 ( n </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 17px;"><img alt="\large \geq" height="17" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/cSklJQQmKQvZpLPkFPLIAJ0rxKLN30lVWRbvBxZihobUwqODbjy9naf2Ta1TPgLrkUzvsavQGmbfHisMRMYMGsAJsgMUvS-XiA88xITEIzFJciyQysyCwoDNSqtbTVay0Hsuf-nlG25GH-GsbppkONY" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. Danh ph&aacute;p:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 595px; height: 193px;"><img height="193" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/4QevkdVAg_EcuLpBjg7Q7s3BsjNhUpyEWxSg8EvtCQ6YlM13ensULidtK5w9WeXSYg2YCJTrQeBJ8I6lBjEeXLp9xd5ouL5RScBKcqlGk3CwCcViBO39edo448lM1qy8P1aFEU53IudoK-GjbyoI69w" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="595" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. Đồng ph&acirc;n:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-&nbsp; Alkene v&agrave; Alkyne c&oacute; c&aacute;c đồng ph&acirc;n cấu tạo, alkene từ C4 c&oacute; thể c&oacute; đồng ph&acirc;n h&igrave;nh học.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">d. T&iacute;nh chất vật l&yacute;:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Ở nhiệt độ thường, Alkene v&agrave; Alkyne từ C2 đến C4 ở trạng th&aacute;i kh&iacute;, từ C5 - C17 ở trạng th&aacute;i lỏng, từ C18 trở l&ecirc;n ở trạng th&aacute;i rắn.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Kh&ocirc;ng tan hoặc tan &iacute;t trong nước, tan trọng một số dung m&ocirc;i hữu cơ.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e. T&iacute;nh chất h&oacute;a học:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng cộng:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH2=CH2 + H2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 51px; height: 25px;"><img alt="\large \overset{Ni,t^{o}as}{\rightarrow}" height="25" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Z3r8Evk-Wkb8Y-I_m4FHwKUzbgxNPcVfhzASt51iQC_OQ5j5wJ8nKTrQM1MPy5at063bW3i4zgLdur9MTLYAyJlhYcIhlAfYFVY1o_3C1EeP0PPqrP27QHrAWnYd5JQJcPKc_pHD_p8AvCGCrkcgbmE" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="51" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CH3 - CH3</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng cộng halogen:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH2=CH2 + Br2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/FSMbAC-VlMJeHnhhvICV6y0_vKAX2A9uLuC1sslbMEU1jJ8T6CkOccd7ximU2GXobOjtunz9PlIF64fG24G8-8kL-zupGP0q9cgPTUscyP5U0eq7W9CWUCLERLQ1mUXWLMDVa-YCQa7ZqCS0sd-Rfmk" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> BrCH2-CH2Br</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 9px;"><img alt="\large \equiv" height="9" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/P7FSRN6E4Y8HiEHSbLxKNvfwkNEODS6ob8y4NlVhfH2oHRqASuG1_18YFIKXn9281iGQS3fKHGwQ5irq0Rd3bxJ7daVHvXAeGqnN4a_1akwC7X7kcpl4OaD8vl_17wib3VRf7DUMS0kZgTYsjRqPmSI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH + 2Br2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/lC5alyF7YRBODsKHF7bnoQdKIGwX9U_HRnoNJWg9UdAd7poQ2X4ut-sEBlF8zJjMFjxTfLpiFU70L-zPCzhV0hzc3yg8bSYgStFObd9qH2i1yDEiEc6H8gBuA8_43_MF2vspMFJGbOra5-ZIHWIIRQs" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Br2HC-CHBr2</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng cộng hydrogen halide v&agrave;o Alkene v&agrave; Alkyne tạo th&agrave;nh halogenoalkane tương ứng.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH2=CH2 + HBr2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Z0c_7epi7s4ZWkq0qjVeV7UWRq1Lge817FvBRoKWXDCDthi-L-Okpe30s7zSs8v1_NuKNCYsyvX7oE0hPX4nxGK4z4XrDGF6JzUDjihF6xpJvSkOI_7ULcCA19FnkNR7TkBRbEFF1jy2TaZtJMcRhVQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CH3-CH2Br</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 9px;"><img alt="\large \equiv" height="9" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/CMvL58DlzxJhKgiBj216FRqMuR1B40dCY4EZkMVKzemuhz8-fBq4aQmT9TYbN1fzUEYbb84EEg7R0w436Og7bgJxeLHgqW8BfqAYCKydxjxQj-ENJP1t0QDn5E4Yr5NqN48T_pSqLyufzGu9AIzw7gU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH + HBr2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/ItjeUNxpJ-WK3AdQOiNMBUFIcil3-Qg_i5sAuiI36cuID8ovxsxvCPYhUSDJFImjyFdVBOxRU3wfp_yEI9ZmT1UKF7WpH17BmaiNgqGnfYde7H9_1qP70eF_XrbVkmYA9VnGpvcQczn3oTT27s_88w4" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CH2=CHBr</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 9px;"><img alt="\large \equiv" height="9" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/8xSNz6sSOJh0CpSm2LIxx0wFUvTjypLGxSDjVQsOcJ5K_RgtOun3HhsIYKN9ueHi93C1-8F_-wBnTJjqJ1pItDy1enjRHsWDBR3aTnzWK74BKzKa_YxEOJPLDtlqj04cwLb1MhvqcU1JtFCf88vkZhg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH + 2HBr2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/9AOSktAG8jeZ-HvdKrrpU7bAcU5smVl7O7aaOCRCDeoPAgfPMzbajGk2dqiFLRdHbN8AnmDF-OrKGUInSGbdDSj1ILVBzv8TFH4bmmbcrCsvUTYTIv4HBxUndxuoTWqG0a5jjmx1ySKsvinZZr0AeUQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CH3-CHBr2</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng cộng nước tạo ra alcohol, sử dụng chất x&uacute;c t&aacute;c l&agrave; phosphoric acid hoặc sulfuric acid.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH2=CH2 + H2O </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 60px; height: 37px;"><img alt="\large \xrightarrow[t^{o}]{H_{3}PO_{4}}" height="37" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/cDLPgQBcB0nP8Ucz5NzZXqKMVOtDvpHWfra6jsGSpPh4aYxe_SedtN7GW4-ThQUMTK9Py_WiNMiKm7K2T4BFqb0JK4mPJMXJYD90I340AwrKvxAWn7S6tEPqgIi2az24WapZ2tjyduS6rU4-Vm_lHeA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="60" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CH3-CH2OH</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng tr&ugrave;ng hợp của alkene</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 602px; height: 79px;"><img height="79" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/sYc-IEJ3o9IMZKFr1OdTLL75aD9oR4w5qs-NqPPQqizBQ1qt2ouzt1p4HVOX3aByNHtpHnJPRwBwjGmuyYI0wsJin7hK0kcuXf5aypPrIqc4fwHVf2wR9KHxoygAS4cspGICKqkSuhAYnM-TwQCnRlw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng của alk-1-yne với AgNO3 trong NH3 để nhận biết c&aacute;c alkyne c&oacute; li&ecirc;n kết ba ở đầu mạch.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HC</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 9px;"><img alt="\large \equiv" height="9" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/SCM0RfgaYvmK6BrX1WCv4L75jW1wUCupapEmAAslIvKYU5FbWPpH5Zk-kggczu50WYPpWqhE3kB0Ra289849_0PXdv8lbaUYX1qVm23o5aVkkA0QLY3_D1gATShXXcnq3aRLT-S6wfiW2ZM-dPyNbWw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HC + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/5fjyrU88OL2NPD8-SKzO3npV1ULfQtodvAcY6quKCPRqV1KrsEk0VjPobyqLZdHY2bWwbX9kMY84enJt0mrWCo3wxzIHzMexFZWv3F7r40PYs5spqiCDXyoReKGAmPgEMjuy0BSA0Yx6EveK25zSwa8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Ag-C</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 9px;"><img alt="\large \equiv" height="9" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/drnWGh1LcaNiSZzGy23kbMjts3LI8iRp4Zvno5UfZ_aHy_5R8EepZ8ekPB8bHgGooMvgqIK5sM7vJqx7t_arrsrZEanzrLG_OpIzQADbro6LA4yXxbhcrYPvjC6-qNoArpokGiVoyEBaTWYynIIkcc8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">C-Ag + 2NH4NO3</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng oxi h&oacute;a kh&ocirc;ng ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n l&agrave;m mất m&agrave;u thuốc t&iacute;m</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 +4H2O </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/ACcjF2xjukc5fRXSj0QbP3RefaSfaJ3ujoFHJ2ks2tnAXuYe05VqglZasKT1eT4PCQcxsGwCFPBuqCU9N-6eWkx4P4jbZ2ZZRrzNCYWSn0D8xqj_MgLix14KYsTzd_XrkzPyQrTmzQzVuGY3Nw7REao" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 3HO-CH2-CH2-OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng ch&aacute;y tỏa nhiều nhiệt:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 308px; height: 45px;"><img alt="\large C_{n}H_{2n}+\frac{3n}{2}O_{2}\overset{t^{o}}{\rightarrow}nCO_{2}+nH_{2}O" height="45" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/1o94JwXbJAKdtj6mxQyaMerALwal3R205OPajGgaF6Dzsqp4aX4EPgMf6Q8LCYJ0WcSUl0YDeG5thYmLt737UeFS6XX6vXjG4FQ2xb4YkBsiJquImtRTh6-8BLYxQ963dU1AMzdiR23Zo0NqfeKuW0g" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="308" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 419px; height: 45px;"><img alt="\large C_{n}H_{2n-2}+\frac{3n-1}{2}O_{2}\overset{t^{o}}{\rightarrow}nCO_{2}+(n-1)H_{2}O" height="45" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/ZzhRqTIXqFjAi2zIxoYiJMNpVYGkIefzbopeVDfu46Jy69z_mLyzlDrL6pO2Xuw3BH3cFYaxiCCzwXY8r8HKc5BF205oZn300hSpj3dp2QCUWaVd_yUGh7Q1ehFUir-XfqUSX8XMtMJVH5FNIRivg0s" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="419" /></span></span></p>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2.3 Arene</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Kh&aacute;i niệm</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Arene l&agrave; những hydrocacbon c&oacute; chứa v&ograve;ng benzene trong ph&acirc;n tử.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. T&iacute;nh chất vật l&yacute;:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- C&aacute;c arene đều c&oacute; độc, kh&ocirc;ng tan trong nước, tan nhiều trong c&aacute;c dung m&ocirc;i hữu cơ. Một số arene c&oacute; m&ugrave;i đặc trưng.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. T&iacute;nh chất h&oacute;a học&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng halogen h&oacute;a:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 536px; height: 165px;"><img height="165" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/ZcwhWRAO3N4Eq4gJXu6Ls87HwVELEa9ssWZSFtKdXAGeoA17YOTWsyw5lg-kMV_Wpx9rylf1rCvugbhIEB_WlzsvpJipLjvfXca2FjQE5sKfEEvfEAWmMkUHTc2HPcfrfnLuz0kTDGHUAFo1jixBoSE" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="536" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng nitro h&oacute;a&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 324px; height: 77px;"><img height="77" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/scPySPoTbW9oUd3g-AcZ7v-yjP0yLRyip2ybcr5siSjw0e6zeF5dyOGmid4nmYdFICvjbX8a6AHSEhzEVwGZPKrG32GwuDDBHZ1CKzov2Sap6ttQF_j0_EJNn8m6lRtxif0g2yMBMZ2ZWsZUpxyoD-w" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="324" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 335px; height: 183px;"><img height="183" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/BGm7W2zPLT5MLl59bzKNTKmqZB10n1jV5ZpUWwfma_pFd3LS1DLUHSsIsginlvPQR0vwvtkZQJFqHoZcaqXNhSc1cuu2VaMct5QY7wBXkRaBTxEWAHnbvws9m6ar9JnaNeV1mAirTo1rDwGFUV8YI1A" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="335" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng cộng chlorine:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 405px; height: 129px;"><img height="129" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/xi-kcIHpdw5IWn0R31Jg0iqYcacHxBtPIdNnnRRfJOZHkkjctzreKtoaecFrxuDTXX_bWSVNpONdd-SuOUe34pX20HDwBH1gc14B8uDvSdqUsHsXb4_LYPeaUJ6SM3AZc0JFAfiBYgZhCol9miFzbsk" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="405" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng c&ocirc;ng hydrogen</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 248px; height: 93px;"><img height="93" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/OQ0_9Fu6UJcBhrCvbornlIsNcvYmTZIHNvvufvM_oIzMiqCXRNjsGz_9p-Y7-7hiHoJYA14CQvqsQOjNOPDQhMODTxr_9GjVw4fGv50Fyv_KoyI1VTFlueHdqKErF-oftQCUTwWWjg6ciO20n2TrcJM" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="248" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng oxi h&oacute;a</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ Phản ứng oxi h&oacute;a ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n: C6H5CH3 + 9O2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 24px;"><img alt="\large \overset{t^{o}}{\rightarrow}" height="24" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/yKEEDhFapcreBCQvHUEZ8EWQVkS76U2ZkBEIG4y0zMsw0K_rMHmBl5fTIPeYVWk2cDCoSAGJtdPbuMdReqEvq11L4HqjTGvslMshBr7o-7e8LnwsU9iPS-4zeYFUym5jYscc6lezJiZ1ctRPQJWJijk" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 7CO2 + 4H2O</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ Phản ứng oxi h&oacute;a nh&oacute;m alkyl: C6H5CH3 + 2KMnO4 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 24px;"><img alt="\large \overset{t^{o}}{\rightarrow}" height="24" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/0gDB-ghGuYSQ5skpiAAss-jrZYmf3Vi_oBmPkpM_r7tgs81BFRaXfVzxibUZgTEhWS-vDR9V6NDrYClQOErCxkriWY7O3QsFek8SzgFE9SFX-xMQPkvsks--JB0bXCMLB9YgwuzdQpIcXdYNFf33wE4" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> C6H5COOK + 2MnO2 + KOH + H2O</span></p>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2. &Ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 lớp 11 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a: Dẫn xuất halogen - alcohol - phenol</span></h2>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2.1 Dẫn xuất halogen</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Kh&aacute;i niệm:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Khi thay thế nguy&ecirc;n tử hydrogen trong ph&acirc;n tử hydrocarbon bằng một hay nhiều nguy&ecirc;n tử halogen, ta được dẫn xuất halogen của hydrocarbon.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 602px; height: 313px;"><img height="313" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/sfO1N1DymhFSc3562kIjL2b_PZRK0sROS83igFkXBy9FI3TS4U0CZTCaU6SXDpCeBJ2I1P9Xya5pKCdXpiq4bou8rX7k3IwjSLyXM-QaLZZrmCNs6TBFutT2V_Ers04KuciAcRvF15JvZvslY06PWnY" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. Đồng ph&acirc;n v&agrave; danh ph&aacute;p:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Đồng ph&acirc;n cấu tạo của dẫn xuất halogen gồm c&oacute; đồng ph&acirc;n mạch carbon, đồng ph&acirc;n vị tr&iacute; li&ecirc;n kết đ&ocirc;i, li&ecirc;n kết ba v&agrave; đồng ph&acirc;n vị tr&iacute; nguy&ecirc;n tử halogen.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- T&ecirc;n theo danh ph&aacute;p thay thế của dẫn xuất halogen:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Số chỉ vị tr&iacute; nh&oacute;m thế - t&ecirc;n nh&oacute;m thế halogen + T&ecirc;n hydrocarbon</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. T&iacute;nh chất vật l&yacute;&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Nhiệt độ s&ocirc;i của c&aacute;c dẫn xuất halogen c&oacute; xu hướng tăng dần theo chiều tăng khối lượng ph&acirc;n tử.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Dẫn xuất halogen kh&ocirc;ng tan trong nước, nhưng tan trong dung m&ocirc;i hữu cơ như alcohol, ehter, benzene.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Một số dẫn xuất halogen c&oacute; hoạt t&iacute;nh sinh học cao:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 602px; height: 140px;"><img height="140" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/9-36sFT-eHfJsmkTN1rjDP3ivCvxOAc44yNCSj_KUDXmvO7MemAClzcavKWC1Ey0u9wQA1hVADpcBgyE8ffO0Y4W4mtgGzDzEy1pcl2VbanxoLyV_8gAW8kRm6Knpptm7LCEz6eJ0f-D2KIO6UKb5Gw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">d. T&iacute;nh chất h&oacute;a học&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng thế nguy&ecirc;n tử halogen bằng nh&oacute;m OH</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH3CH2-Br + NaOH </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 24px;"><img alt="\large \overset{t^{o}}{\rightarrow}" height="24" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/xhvgOwZaGo3VUDeUNGrFuvwZshBdLCLV7Sfd9tTWAcJwMj9XspV7iSj-btGt8o-MhHyXB9qY6vEuY61ouxCXtaiTHkte_uTh2dpEXtJA_3Faru9Xx1FMRI73tg2rF-f4sep8piGi9eaMUHJIhke8V3c" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CH3CH2-OH + NaBr</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng t&aacute;ch hydrogen halide:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 602px; height: 224px;"><img height="224" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/zygtbxopiF-3c-tzWZSCmScov8sftDRAiFxDebpgZn2BA5_HoSWvccaYHtTOxiNLq5XcF6gZfKeymjMEj-iuLlnf322P9NnefUAqDIDtxbJDp9ATTaI4yfY9JC-XQhfybA8-JjMePbMT1KBLLHmvl3s" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e. Ứng dụng:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Dẫn xuất halogen được ứng dụng trong nhiều lĩnh vực như l&agrave;m dung m&ocirc;i hữu cơ, sản xuất c&aacute;c loại thuốc bảo vệ thực vật, thuốc tăng trưởng thực vật, chất dẻo, sử dụng trong c&ocirc;ng nghiệp nhiệt lạnh...</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Lạm dụng thuốc bảo vệ v&agrave; thuốc k&iacute;ch th&iacute;ch tăng trưởng thực vật g&acirc;y t&aacute;c hại nghi&ecirc;m trọng đến sức khỏe người ti&ecirc;u d&ugrave;ng.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Thay thế c&aacute;c dẫn xuất halogen chứa chlorine bằng fluorine trong c&ocirc;ng nghiệp nhiệt lạnh l&agrave;m giảm t&aacute;c hại đến tầng ozone.&nbsp;</span></p>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2.2 Alcohol</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Kh&aacute;i niệm:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Alcohol l&agrave; hợp chất hữu cơ c&oacute; nh&oacute;m chức hydroxy (-OH) li&ecirc;n kết với nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon no.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Alcohol no, đơn chức, mạch hở c&oacute; c&ocirc;ng thức chung l&agrave; CnH2n+1OH (n </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 17px;"><img alt="\large \geq" height="17" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/t6LDJuz7JrCYrPNTqRjkxZqVks7bjacVLhDwDy-51x1wvQfhUnPzVMzwYx2uWCKKz-Y8iry0Z25TUKLuqFw9MmNSlw8rMufqZg_Vrfx_0_RFCABZdKDC5G4Uu8qfqzcS6_a5Qtit8aoUxNBF4M-v3Yo" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="15" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 1)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Alcohol c&oacute; nhiều hơn 1 nh&oacute;m -OH gọi l&agrave; polyalcohol.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Bậc alcohol l&agrave; bậc của nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon li&ecirc;n kết với nh&oacute;m -OH.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 568px; height: 99px;"><img height="99" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/El-L-xRrpLDmwg61EA5VC0cylrC2SfaZEezhoeuWPvhkBxp_xsyFdYaByx-CjGhodXpSrsZWvQyZ_x3EYKS85C6pd26Ups_GxHmjH84Rjm3Zmb4cInWjk8isNWrS0oBOCEHrz1ZqP_li4pgE0h_QRsY" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="568" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. Đồng ph&acirc;n v&agrave; danh ph&aacute;p&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- T&ecirc;n theo danh ph&aacute;p thay thế của alcohol đơn chức:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">T&ecirc;n hydrocarbon (bỏ k&iacute; tự e ở cuối) - Số chỉ vị tr&iacute; nh&oacute;m -OH - ol</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- T&ecirc;n theo danh ph&aacute;p thay thế của alcohol đa chức&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">T&ecirc;n hydrocarbon - c&aacute;c số chỉ vị tr&iacute; nh&oacute;m -OH - Từ chỉ số lượng nh&oacute;m - ol&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 551px; height: 411px;"><img height="411" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/uZKN1cle_HmGnMn5RlN7KiV4131SAbNXXL4Q1ECk9etNYFEZyw-sGZCktoEXq5YMbsnSDCuIHwo0s1KeMd4iAJjFGIUSz_w4HwfU5Ak4yKLb3EGHnwEeda94QAZyr7sI1u30lL6tFZu_0Kf976ca6Y0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="551" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. T&iacute;nh chất vật l&yacute;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Alcohol tồn tại ở thể lỏng hoặc rắn ở điều kiện thường.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Giữa c&aacute;c ph&acirc;n tử alcohol c&oacute; li&ecirc;n kết hydrogen li&ecirc;n ph&acirc;n tử n&ecirc;n c&oacute; nhiệt độ s&ocirc;i cao hơn hydrocarbon hoặc ether c&oacute; ph&acirc;n tử khối tương đương. Nhiệt độ s&ocirc;i t ang khi ph&acirc;n tử khối tăng.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Polyalcohol c&oacute; nhiệt độ s&ocirc;i cao hơn alcohol đơn chức c&oacute; ph&acirc;n tử khối tương đương.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Do tạo được li&ecirc;n kết hydrogen với nước n&ecirc;n c&aacute;c alcohol c&oacute; ph&acirc;n tử khối nhỏ tan tốt trong nước, độ tan giảm khi số nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon tăng.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 602px; height: 505px;"><img height="505" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Ak40Y9fhqjwUY1PlVRG3gruSXI8XBXVpgGnW2aj6h7V7wSRjXb_XTnjg9w3kqzHMjpKU3cs1DlatmXB3AIyJZ5wdkNbI2eiCagbFNHjw-Z4hZ2NsYhWVkJ9XSGVBlls-W9uEhvFTQpFgIqAsweRtpqs" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">d. T&iacute;nh chất h&oacute;a học&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng thế nguy&ecirc;n tử hydrogen của nh&oacute;m - OH</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HOCH2CH2OH + 2Na </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/hEBMvhDTsxSkiG0ys8CGY5C9q4jpzNeTi3AzMzG2jZO4j6yi7enoP0rlOr2B64C3Duo5JhM7gpgXw7K2qx6RHhzrSAXFimf6Z4txPe_m8g2j284l_PkAXGeGueIuweYnXZ3XAsuXnoODJlHOwuY2nQw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> NaOCH2CH2ONa + H2</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng tạo ether của alcohol:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2C2H5OH </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 112px; height: 25px;"><img alt="\large \xrightarrow[]{H_{2}SO_{4}d, 140^{o}C}" height="25" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/bNIUIlfgecfePdP3U5Mh5GH_dlr-LZ70oqlAsvIXbhIVKz6zWydKCSUHymakMePqd2_8mz9X0XyRzrYk3e1k1cwnTtxPXdHwtQvrxc8qLiKOAgjNezYzkWy5Cec35gbL_o5HSjzg5X-6uUlTVuP0M9o" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="112" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng tạo th&agrave;nh alkene</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH3CH2 - OH - </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 112px; height: 25px;"><img alt="\large \xrightarrow[]{H_{2}SO_{4}d, 170^{o}C}" height="25" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/dWrzumF1xfJZmgIEJzRmxgttpVvw9II63q7xHxuvPTG80bDU0MSJL99rdtSl75Zkxygb3qLJSr13vtbZkBLugWm_W34eQ3kX11c9eq1yybHlVWq3GQAwHeCgUf5cagbtVmp1DBJBOh-zajolb5fLEnY" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="112" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CH2=CH2 + H2O</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng oxu h&oacute;a alcohol</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 24px;"><img alt="\large \overset{t^{o}}{\rightarrow}" height="24" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/3hMMk8PV5WGMb9yKitrjW_mTGkMOhm-xzLrMhUAB1iiVM6EeK3j0YbT0KMRUWwqXEgvGWnmjWI6gUuBWjFCsJwIDJadt5PIG5ePYPr5aY6-VSWf8YPRc8BbWZI_2vUx_HcynCn6g7_FUkWLpWOggjQU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng ri&ecirc;ng của polyalcohol</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2C3H5(OH)3 + Cu(OH)2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Ay0mwTaq4UaOBVf3xAdjKZ9-lFBtssWMOMgnFMdggqxZGmKiaSfBQX9shagc112T8-qvwGw359PpgjAY-KKeceFRPR3waMpM7RSO5EvOHM6o4UTNEQKJ32fAg1jN0zxAeiSE5mriO7SWsZ6ELd8ZYZs" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> [C3H5(OH)2]Cu + 2H2O</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e. Điều chế alcohol&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CH2=CH2 + H2O </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 76px; height: 25px;"><img alt="\large \xrightarrow[]{H_{3}PO_{4},t^{o}}" height="25" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/P0Hfh7VzfPjn0L9f1BwCZfAbStWNRr6kAmTnc1RK_lcqwGdQ-kmb9ywr3sS3vyTJusG6VhxzeJ8bx8776OGbmnYY9XgxQev-mgBClLMEWXaBsjI3wvZbcq925hR-M-5BaeArOKSXKxbCYsJiO4XKUj0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="76" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> CH3CH2OH</span></p>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2.3 Phenol&nbsp;</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Kh&aacute;i niệm</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phenol l&agrave; những hợp chất hữu cơ trong ph&acirc;n tử c&oacute; nh&oacute;m -OH li&ecirc;n kết trực tiếp với nguy&ecirc;n tử carbon của v&ograve;ng benzen.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phenol c&oacute; nh&oacute;m phenyl h&uacute;t electron, l&agrave;m giảm mật độ electron ở nguy&ecirc;n tử oxygen, dẫn đến tăng sự ph&acirc;n cực của li&ecirc;n kết O-H, đồng thời l&agrave;m tăng mật độ electron trong v&ograve;ng benzene, nhiều nhất ở c&aacute;c vị tr&iacute; ortho v&agrave; para.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. T&iacute;nh chất vật l&yacute;:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phenol l&agrave; chất rắn, khong m&agrave;u, phenol độc, g&acirc;y bỏng cho da. Phenol &iacute;t tan trong nước lạnh, tan v&ocirc; hạn trong nước ở 66oC, tan tốt trong ethanol.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- C&aacute;c phenol c&oacute; nhiệt độ n&oacute;ng chảy, nhiệt độ s&ocirc;i cao hơn c&aacute;c hydrocarbon thơm c&oacute; khối lượng ph&acirc;n tử tương đương.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. T&iacute;nh chất h&oacute;a học&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- T&iacute;nh acid yếu:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">C6H5OH </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightleftharpoons" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/ieqQlUNm_6kC51JakxlSbF469ECT-ZRfCAVlIyMr6kHoOOFOHpPLyHeSzRERIqBtO6xEfcsijsflVIHzGqVlArhunReJ4CFjERPk62nd4qrReqjrs7ltGePc8KnxMIDfeOpH7JYLxsvvOkdEEePWcEk" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> C6H5O- + H+</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng thế nguy&ecirc;n tử hydrogen của v&ograve;ng benzen</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 487px; height: 211px;"><img height="211" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/E9fFCTL7f1ivDRqjfb0g4GdbT7-TD5p_XMmWzbbOYTZihObzvrQd346YvBaEaEo_mzu6htiLJ9a_9tQJzMfGUF_IGuab04lAdLHpm5ls0A51R-vEBpptmIlPitwIu3F0pAm0b2fc6PbGiU3ul9KE6pU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="487" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">d. Ứng dụng v&agrave; điều chế</span></p>
nGUỒN:
[https://vuihoc.vn/tin/thpt-de-cuong-on-thi-hoc-ki-2-lop-11-mon-hoa-chi-tiet-3529.html](https://vuihoc.vn/tin/thpt-de-cuong-on-thi-hoc-ki-2-lop-11-mon-hoa-chi-tiet-3529.html)