<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Kiến thức h&oacute;a &ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 lớp 10 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a cần ch&uacute; &yacute; những chủ đề n&agrave;o? Mời bạn theo d&otilde;i ngay đề cương &ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 m&ocirc;n H&oacute;a 10 chi tiết của VUIHOC nh&eacute;!</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 602px; height: 344px;"><img height="344" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/MzpPkMMR8NCLe6nhYTZ1fLV0cNREmV2AOUljcQi17xXioIy3LF8oOz379TDGetqTi6tUQPSxbZcFfT1SbnCdvh3vVKmgadhVMLkcmV_pwvaVhInfRY5uA6JKgiRa-zpjysGe81fyuzxHTEEIys4DTUQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">1. &Ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 lớp 10 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a: Phản ứng oxi h&oacute;a khử</span></h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Số oxi h&oacute;a: Số oxi h&oacute;a của một nguy&ecirc;n tử trong ph&acirc;n tử l&agrave; điện t&iacute;ch của nguy&ecirc;n tử nguy&ecirc;n tố đ&oacute; nếu giả định cặp electron chung thuộc hẳn về nguy&ecirc;n tử của nguy&ecirc;n tố c&oacute; độ &acirc;m điện lớn hơn.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- C&aacute;ch biểu diễn số oxi h&oacute;a: Số oxi h&oacute;a được đặt ở ph&iacute;a tr&ecirc;n k&iacute; hiệu của nguy&ecirc;n tố.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 243px; height: 143px;"><img height="143" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/TMC4dCi1HmXvGOwA12qs5UHycychlEbUwhWNtXy7GblUNbUPp9dAeWie5Q0O74xseLExbYEYQLVXeqk-jVR2aZZrj3-M6eJo4CG95ttFU97vYf9ORFUDm907XqPYt4wH5Bs-pnbcbeaHonfBYSnPa14" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="243" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. C&aacute;ch x&aacute;c định số oxi h&oacute;a:&nbsp;</span></p>
<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;">
<table style="border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><colgroup><col width="326" /><col width="275" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">X&aacute;c định số oxi h&oacute;a</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Số oxi h&oacute;a</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Đơn chất</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">0</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ph&acirc;n tử</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Tổng số oxi h&oacute;a bằng 0&nbsp;</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ion đơn nguy&ecirc;n tử</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Điện t&iacute;ch của ion</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ion đa nguy&ecirc;n tử</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Tổng số oxi h&oacute;a c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n tử bằng điện t&iacute;ch của ion</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ion fluoride</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-1</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Oxygen trong hợp chất ( trừ OF2 v&agrave; c&aacute;c peroxide, superoxide)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-2</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Hydrogen trong hợp chất ( trừ c&aacute;c hydride)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+1</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. Phản ứng oxi h&oacute;a khử:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Phản ứng oxi h&oacute;a khử l&agrave; phản ứng h&oacute;a học, trong đ&oacute; c&oacute; sự chuyển dịnh electron giữa c&aacute;c chất phản ứng hay c&oacute; sự thay đổi số oxi h&oacute;a của một số nguy&ecirc;n tử trong ph&acirc;n tử. Trong phản ứng oxi h&oacute;a khử lu&ocirc;n xảy ra đồng thời qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh oxi h&oacute;a v&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh khử.</span></p>
<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;">
<table style="border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><colgroup><col width="306" /><col width="296" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Chất khử</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Chất oxi h&oacute;a</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nhường electron</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nhận electron</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Số oxi h&oacute;a tăng</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Số oxi h&oacute;a giảm</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bị oxi h&oacute;a</span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bị khử</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36pt;">
<td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0.833333pt solid #808080;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh oxi h&oacute;a (sự oxi h&oacute;a) l&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh nhường electron. Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh khử (sự khử) l&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh nhận electron</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">V&iacute; dụ: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 274px; height: 34px;"><img alt="\large \overset{o}{Zn}+\overset{+1}{H_{2}SO_{4}}\rightarrow \overset{+2}{ZnSO_{4}}+\overset{o}{H_{2}}" height="34" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/eBH3Y9dst38Yfh1ayM0h6-Zx324NKKNgyjrGCg5WnXbuafOG2AITWFQTxUH5kIg5m_5XGR1EJi537hKhrTIHFlI7s6eIl3RvsFx3os_vDhqT7tW9jagMkGKIb0V4xiOvw7y3YBbyiTeRSSN8f5JG3T8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="274" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Zn nhường electron n&ecirc;n Zn l&agrave; chất khử. Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh Zn nhường electron gọi l&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh oxi h&oacute;a:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 139px; height: 33px;"><img alt="\large \overset{o}{Zn}\rightarrow \overset{+2}{Zn}+2e" height="33" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/tBEnNOOv4pWFDlJM3DNmT-gR6O9ubuhiWnHTsMjs8rcXJVV1veaF4lhzmSZ442ILEjWdmSU5Ir1A1eZnAXXXDEu-ZTsjQypeWD0mq0LvMDvojzPDkZDey_48__Ut1yiUS4Vvx9Q5HZNKLsTZDukeFYo" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="139" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ion H+ đ&atilde; nhận electron n&ecirc;n H+ l&agrave; chất oxi h&oacute;a. Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh H+ nhận electron gọi l&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh khử:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 136px; height: 34px;"><img alt="\large 2\overset{+1}{H}+2e\rightarrow \overset{o}{H_{2}}" height="34" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/lOr7lrwwN_eENAL288M3gzCVMdYWxrmNW7tHUr__XFP3Chavv9_xftCfIqh3tinFIpTvt_JMqXJNdE4s7oGtkf3yIUuRHtRQm9nNBctR-RdwX3qwLZXKE3kGfsquCxHyUd8EJf4u-wh7DjtFUFO0tek" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="136" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Chất oxi h&oacute;a mạnh thường l&agrave; c&aacute;c hợp chất chứa nguy&ecirc;n tử của nguy&ecirc;n tố c&oacute; số oxi h&oacute;a cao như </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 124px; height: 39px;"><img alt="\large \overset{+7}{MnO_{4}^{-}};\overset{+6}{CrO_{3}}" height="39" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/OtFIEdyFdpzXKlkgKgZCFYb7BNGVuK19xKGS68is0qXfr67HyhsHGsgywGxEciiqLIWCE1Z4T-5KKk1NlGjG5dKy99N8ZnbCWKFXjQIXIeIxMs9N6txchuTpk159Qf-2f2Y009ADYmMJWhBO0VLL_KA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="124" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Chất khử mạnh thường l&agrave; c&aacute;c hợp chất chứa nguy&ecirc;n tử của nguy&ecirc;n tố c&oacute; số oxi h&oacute;a thấp như H2S; KI, NaH... hoặc đơn chất kim loại như kim loại kiềm, kiềm thổ...&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Chất chứa nguy&ecirc;n tử của nguy&ecirc;n tố c&oacute; số oxi h&oacute;a trung gian như H2O2, SO2, NO... th&igrave; t&ugrave;y thuộc v&agrave;o điều kiện phản ứng m&agrave; thể hiện t&iacute;nh khử hoặc t&iacute;nh oxi h&oacute;a hoặc cả hai.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">d. C&aacute;ch lập phương tr&igrave;nh oxi h&oacute;a khử:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Nguy&ecirc;n tắc: Tổng số e chất khử nhường = tổng số e chất oxi h&oacute;a nhận.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- C&aacute;c bước lập phương tr&igrave;nh:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bước 1: X&aacute;c định số oxi h&oacute;a của c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n tử c&oacute; sự thay đổi số oxi h&oacute;a trong phản ứng, từ đ&oacute; x&aacute;c định chất oxi h&oacute;a, chất khử.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 479px; height: 112px;"><img height="112" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/eWG1gbs5mCw6H_frJfIMba_dBdR6yjFJFrWft2nz3ZKWFewVYeBqVbFwH3uSoGgBmjxqNKDnXTR5HwRQgR8LToZ_0860IIeXb_p_tRUOVuBMWp-QZrg1nNuaUFV48xwK3ojFkrkhaqgqegBrGj7yNVU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="479" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bước 2: Viết qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh oxi h&oacute;a v&agrave; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh khử:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh oxi h&oacute;a: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 120px; height: 33px;"><img alt="\large \overset{-2}{S}\rightarrow \overset{+4}{S}+6e" height="33" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/epNr61fSSv4tcL7Vh8FY3x2AAxbn1DqOS4FIH5a9yYPB4Se2ik-Yg-kmhMlfUUxiOhBymO-l_7uqVgbcuYa-BiVRx9RZotDU_FojFWtlHdq9U-eDStMblnt7njnQDX-1FjtNkkdEZG0XdylbNV2BXVg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="120" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ Qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh khử: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 135px; height: 34px;"><img alt="\large \overset{o}{O_{2}}+4e\rightarrow 2\overset{-2}{O}" height="34" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/dbSez3QT92cgIfdSdYz1yqLPpNEYO3dkIBzkYmMAZyaRXF4X294qMVjSfcmMyq1P0D5J94Uh-nBjBjr7vLSuSVG4cTE5SMf7AdTdwFDzheu9Hje3Mbr126qvBYK9QRnP4bZJFjbk25duu9VhxIMI5Qg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="135" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bước 3: X&aacute;c định v&agrave; nh&acirc;n hệ số th&iacute;ch hợp v&agrave;o c&aacute;c qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh sao cho tổng số electron chất khử nhường bằng tổng số electron chất oxi h&oacute;a nhận.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 323px; height: 139px;"><img height="139" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/YG5Q-19L5InLLk2g5QxW8mNcgnPyGzinSmnBdU5O-ciDWVeoC5BfCq0LSmvwZ5epq3WQ2kYr2x1JZzXdqAAy-X4PhVUoYjgYGpQDMEXBA2Y54h1iW8Yd8kBkdfhc4w_CbQm4XLTXFB3N8Ikad5VAHvg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="323" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bước 4: Đặt c&aacute;c hệ số v&agrave;o sơ đồ phản ứng. C&acirc;n bằng số lượng nguy&ecirc;n tử của c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n tố c&ograve;n lại.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2H2S + 3O2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Q7Xew-YcCY6PhpLMawWJviLa20VrGVI0-qepDWAM0aUMG3yHkLbAchY3sY5dsY7BmWIXyL0FvlOZ1iillrUPsIcW-5trB0TdmEj27a9fTiDnTwkQR9Lod8nFcw2WNX3GhBmTJ9Jt9pP2SmqBN3cmwE4" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2SO2 + 2H2O</span></p>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2. &Ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 lớp 10 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a: Năng lượng h&oacute;a học</span></h2>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2.1 Enthalpy tạo th&agrave;nh v&agrave; biến thi&ecirc;n enthalpy của phản ứng h&oacute;a học</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Phản ứng tỏa nhiệt l&agrave; phản ứng h&oacute;a học trong đ&oacute; c&oacute; sự giải ph&oacute;ng nhiệt năng ra m&ocirc;i trường.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. Phản ứng thu nhiệt l&agrave; phản ứng h&oacute;a học trong đ&oacute; c&oacute; sự hấp thụ nhiệt năng từ m&ocirc;i trường.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. Biến thi&ecirc;n enthalpy chuẩn hay nhiệt phản ứng chuẩn của một phản ứng h&oacute;a học, được k&iacute; hiệu l&agrave; </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 66px; height: 22px;"><img alt="\large \Delta _{r}H_{298}^{o}" height="22" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/g41_G6TnaNqfRCzqx5VQheVtSrC3LTmnWVbWNbU53FHCP8HLpZ9sr3Al0FnnwNVmAPg6Z78f_8rVqOMuLQpYfC6fBqXI8IRdPZ3opwjFfkFLE3QtALWdxvQNodKwiNzMEIm9AR3pKHU0MVrOmk02N9k" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="66" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> l&agrave; nhiệt k&egrave;m theo phản ứng đ&oacute; trong điều kiện chuẩn.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">d. Điều kiện chuẩn: &aacute;p suất 1 bar (đối với chất kh&iacute;), nồng độ 1 mol/L (đối với chất tan trong dung dịch) v&agrave; ở nhiệt độ kh&ocirc;ng đổi, thuongf chọn nhiệt độ 25oC (hay 298K).&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e. Phương tr&igrave;nh nhiệt h&oacute;a học l&agrave; phương tr&igrave;nh phản ứng h&oacute;a học c&oacute; k&egrave;m theo nhiệt phản ứng v&agrave; trạng th&aacute;i của c&aacute;c chất đầu v&agrave; sản phẩm.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">f. Enthalpy tạo th&agrave;nh của một chất l&agrave; nhiệt k&egrave;m theo phản ứng tạo th&agrave;nh 1 mol chất đ&oacute; từ c&aacute;c đơn chất bền nhất. K&iacute; hiệu: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 68px; height: 23px;"><img alt="\large \Delta _{f}H_{298}^{o}" height="23" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/S_IcM31MY_KlIT5Oc2b2rXCXWMU5SJYChtdKGLJSHk2o7ZV4_JGHxc_NDK1uv3AXDol1r14aqs6XyABf3IrKnwrdr8uOIIulBh8W6RL9VR0UBqVFTGTPZqnAskM0NCGlv8Dwfmnw_EbhCdXzOkVV9es" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="68" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> ; đơn vị l&agrave; kJ/mol hoặc kcal/mol.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 68px; height: 23px;"><img alt="\large \Delta _{f}H_{298}^{o}" height="23" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/WxXn5Qs8o6gGCiJSJDp3ljNpF-6nmeeYwmBYe_nRoCRNwOVHZ2g4U5euKe3O1HbHxsGmKcWgmoTEMfmxzwgxg1tEFt-O6oWG8D6h4KwcTtPjK8y9DhxatJGq_u9n9Hdyb96LRTuPWvHusipIQY6AinI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="68" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">&nbsp; của đơn chất bằng 0 trong điều kiện ti&ecirc;u chuẩn.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 68px; height: 23px;"><img alt="\large \Delta _{f}H_{298}^{o}" height="23" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Q-MQuUW08HfO6uEe00Nu5fQwNoRFnvJQ6HtVA4rdHzEQ5mRmnYsGPIyn8PMJmCh0pA_H-sqCToNYph5n8k5yK626yN82JIdsN0xJbJF5JNwYy4RbJy3z3YynezJ48uL0NRo03rHkkADxJfJyGs87kSo" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="68" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> &gt; 0 chất k&eacute;m bền hơn về mặt năng lượng so với c&aacute;c đơn chất bền tạo n&ecirc;n n&oacute;.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 68px; height: 23px;"><img alt="\large \Delta _{f}H_{298}^{o}" height="23" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Qn0dhdrbNf6lqHHnZH_BSfKnAhgF5AwCgH46ZOZEiJJSiUgF2tm5J8Ys9d0n4PhF4ZnhcX4xAGoi3QHYf2xbVGv8ce_J0l3tusSyyMpIPzT1kU8DG1ndzDLb40JsDSE8Zxv7byfsv0rTTNL6fXJ5ihY" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="68" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> &lt; 0, chất bền hơn về mặt năng lượng so với c&aacute;c đơn chất bền tạo n&ecirc;n n&oacute;.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 579px; height: 281px;"><img height="281" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Tg7GrDYHW4i5pPGfrx-472wqgQK1LboV5YU_OhRQU8QfCew5xAZDuUSCOf8mjxWDFJpKZV6E3k-Pga9AnICdDAtNuwVZosCKzJdng1QfQ61GzJ4W0c0Fwk3IByGr7btm5FApSP1Dz5u4a17JjvL6XVw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="579" /></span></span></p>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2.2 T&iacute;nh biến thi&ecirc;n enthalpy của phản ứng h&oacute;a học</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. T&iacute;nh biến thi&ecirc;n enthalpy của phản ứng dựa v&agrave;o năng lượng li&ecirc;n kết:&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 312px; height: 31px;"><img alt="\large \Delta _{r}H_{298}^{o}=\sum E_{b}(cd) - \sum E_{b}(sp)" height="31" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/1M4OtVwLcke_gZW7Z2BMu3XcUKeJD0hAu8l0q3EgzVQ2HRxtNypiXDLI4RshTcul7lcPAS-90BdjXXHfiz4pCwS6KzH2_8N8CwaK1Lzt7xbo1OxPBM0TZhdmheyMeMhfRxRAoTbLBe5MTvbtl6ELWFI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="312" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Với </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 199px; height: 31px;"><img alt="\large \sum E_{b}(cd) ;\sum E_{b}(sp)" height="31" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/hbwmpSkC1z5Z6YEkVB6ICq5S97sXOumXrTH4Su0ZW8ngb8din7BsJCWRGGmNgD3_ovyMGXX_4f2MeY8wpxHpjE3FSIbksFcxCgSI2SpsQ4EA4xsdaRs55TrY5UAQ0PZBOcSX4-09k3YhyJzl_Z1AESU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="199" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">: Tổng năng lượng li&ecirc;n kết trong ph&acirc;n tử chất đầu v&agrave; sản phẩm của phản ứng.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. T&iacute;nh biến thi&ecirc;n enthalpy của phản ứng dựa v&agrave;o enthalpy tạo th&agrave;nh:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 404px; height: 31px;"><img alt="\large \Delta _{r}H_{298}^{o}=\sum\Delta _{f}H_{298}^{o}(sp) -\sum\Delta _{f}H_{298}^{o}(cd)" height="31" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/MyKHBfG_J9PJ8rOceKIDa7lqhXWt2ByAPPiqJdWexKjfMut4D3emhLhH3Ycq5B7rmzBN3TMG7xaQUMEqTfHT8sJoUjm8PC7RxMMXyqzODJYtKA60NRtQAGK1qM42beG9Xca4T3x18VUyd4TuZdFHy8s" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="404" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Với </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 290px; height: 31px;"><img alt="\large \sum\Delta _{f}H_{298}^{o}(sp) ;\sum\Delta _{f}H_{298}^{o}(cd)" height="31" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/oGyDo0KA6SeIihDMnghZgF-o1jaY2eiH7jlXzD0r-QG6MxvmIS99WyKZrLr4wBKjD4D9YSwSUTC-4TqCQmTxI6fhy_dl2KsLvjP-2XeVrvsti8uX2FDzTFwv3bWh4haNGrHr5FZ0VBw6nguHfQCGEik" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="290" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">: Tổng enthalpy tạo th&agrave;nh ở điều kiện chuẩn tương ứng của sản phẩm, chất đầu của phản ứng.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span>&nbsp;</span></p>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3. &Ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 lớp 10 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a: Tốc độ phản ứng</span></h2>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3.1 Phương tr&igrave;nh tốc độ phản ứng v&agrave; hằng số tốc độ phản ứng</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Tốc độ phản ứng của phản ứng h&oacute;a học l&agrave; đại lượng đặc trưng cho sự biến thi&ecirc;n nồng độ của một trong c&aacute;c chất phản ứng hoặc sản phẩm phản ứng trong một đơn vị thời gian.</span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;">
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">K&iacute; hiệu l&agrave; v</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Đơn vị: (đơn vị nồng độ)/(đơn vị thời gian)</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Tốc độ trung b&igrave;nh của phản ứng l&agrave; tốc độ được t&iacute;nh trong một khoảng thời gian phản ứng. Cho phản ứng tổng qu&aacute;t: aA + bB </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/tjq6hipCm7a3516Lk0ZVAv2qj02FYoRlmuPGe5Aec-PlUtvtwn7-5DMVMZR7h9k3ea3O-8pU86t2C9-Pm7bAA-nENX6DkvLD2Pej3Eu1cNBk9kLH0Xc2Hcs7Jtsw7__AiMnpNEnF-jeHsUjrTqXH4B4" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> cC + dD</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 442px; height: 46px;"><img alt="\large \overline{v}=-\frac{1}{a}. \frac{\Delta C_{A}}{\Delta t}=-\frac{1}{b}. \frac{\Delta C_{B}}{\Delta t}=\frac{1}{c}. \frac{\Delta C_{C}}{\Delta t}=\frac{1}{d}. \frac{\Delta C_{D}}{\Delta t}" height="46" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/WyLwcVhVnOItEhUyLPh9LPoxXBdVdFlYjraPerN9jcmYdFgt8aheol9fgG8-aTnv1yejTykW4BZFlSK1Ik6a86YNbpPvT46g2U-riD3men4ABL1-C-CQ978u98REjeQHNsPY0679JUKub_DsWcRO3Ps" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="442" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Trong đ&oacute;:&nbsp;</span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;">
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 12px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \overline{v}" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/2Ss4O5iMDQ35TwibUVOh64Ms_Gb8tfyhj94Gg9wNXzngCmguB2Kcft31cuNXGuCdRMvTmuZHNbgK_BQivP2dSJ8eO7jTlz8Ml1DikBFTl1ucmFo5hly7_bjMLu7cRGg0HMLvNPKbHQvcqrJs7XHde00" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="12" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">: tốc độ trung b&igrave;nh của phản ứng;&nbsp;</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 135px; height: 20px;"><img alt="\large \Delta C=C_{2}-C_{1}" height="20" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/5Z2dZf7mZgMnBz2_wJpvtH4ntlq9dYNDO1GMonjU7nWWZSXDGFfUVi7SDOvHfMrzr5dhEvlbRfHHSN5JjxvSJ5IWOGpKwufzwpiZ8Bry1UjiV2a3wGwj2skozzm5rdvCCb3Z1raDXQ5UKHaHFhYbvDg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="135" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">: Sự biến thi&ecirc;n nồng độ;&nbsp;</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 112px; height: 20px;"><img alt="\large \Delta t=t_{2}-t_{1}" height="20" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/bmo8Kb8BgYMqcG5raA88simNVrgqUtxiOL3LpRfdnAef77WbWfxa2NqfhxuCy2pLMnSsgmGsvdf_QZQNRXfDBI57zgbE2cOGAWd0lr81mB1DawqFJQGpOLmNEC_IbFpzYxWJzER-T6vrHGWP5E-1Bmc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="112" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">: Sự biến thi&ecirc;n thời gian;&nbsp;</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. Biểu thức tốc độ phản ứng:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Cho phản ứng tổng qu&aacute;t: aA + bB </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/25yQKlzP4DMupSrezAwatZQiOsUIjZId5yj_bBAjdDrX2HvMcEQvxK7pVY5dID3b3C929TazFCSBedHlfWUkjVzT19NCEoLjilGZEFYtqMFkrrn_cdtmG-GFdkyXGsYjSs7cDNIG43hRBTjF_-T8bSo" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> cC + dD:&nbsp;</span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;">
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Mối li&ecirc;n hệ giữa nồng độ v&agrave; tốc độ tức thời của phản ứng h&oacute;a học được biểu diễn bằng biểu thức: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 107px; height: 25px;"><img alt="\large v=kC_{A}^{a}C_{B}^{b}" height="25" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/HqdORQgganpUjkQsm5Gf5aN_OuYZmJrE3aZw_BbZ3LEFj7q7_rWYetfvSEiNaJVSoYRiTKV5PdTGozrtbsvV3LuGqjtqlVEkGGEdRIOsqk3Mbp1ZJTqpv4Wr7wuok1ZLEc-lc9p6LtWob7DKMJblZIk" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="107" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">, trong đ&oacute; k l&agrave; hằng số tốc độ phản ứng, CA; CB l&agrave; nồng độ (M) chất A,B tại thời điểm x&eacute;t.</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Khi nồng độ chất phản ứng bằng đơn vị (1M) th&igrave; k = v, vậy k l&agrave; tốc độ của phản ứng v&agrave; được gọi l&agrave; tốc độ ri&ecirc;ng, đ&acirc;y l&agrave; &yacute; nghĩa của hằng số tốc độ phản ứng.</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Hằng số k chỉ phụ thuộc v&agrave;o bản chất của chất phản ứng v&agrave; nhiệt độ.&nbsp;</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #434343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3.2 C&aacute;c yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến tốc độ phản ứng h&oacute;a học</span></h3>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Ảnh hưởng của nồng độ: Khi tăng nồng độ chất phản ứng, tốc độ phản ứng tăng.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. Ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ: Khi tăng nhiệt độ, tốc độ phản ứng tăng. Mối li&ecirc;n hệ giữa nhiệt độ v&agrave; tốc độ phản ứng h&oacute;a học được biểu diễn bằng c&ocirc;ng thức:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 101px; height: 45px;"><img alt="\large \frac{v_{t_{2}}}{v_{t_{1}}}=\gamma ^{\frac{t_{2}-t_{1}}{10}}" height="45" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/erQ_RyXKvcmONhyyMi78jR7g-_AnRrFnnbMrOtOU2QX4RESbxNHh0TENe85fBE-0wTlVqlRIssoaB_Qn6OFuPPJPStCaFA4484RF86cllgo2gAiM26aisyUrJmVI25HiIMBSvlS18OIsx37dTinPhw8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="101" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Trong đ&oacute;: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 54px; height: 16px;"><img alt="\large v_{t_{1}}; v_{t_{2}}" height="16" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/EJ7IyQ4E5PFyJmcRvReaDn4UV3gL6u3HzlM8Y8nQWLp8OUMFz3WCsel2Co5jU8TpfEcsRtvhOzHQjLiTqwGMjdTA9ZKlvYYOKKBAQhgagkzCBhvQ8VOqOtVaiB7R3dmmlWWRbHPz52gSRxqFuNL55Ck" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="54" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> l&agrave; tốc độ phản ứng ở 2 nhiệt độ t1 v&agrave; t2; </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 12px; height: 15px;"><img alt="\large \gamma" height="15" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/TUVYR9O1fZWkCehNM8W6CIcEQKS-FRls_vs5DrPT2tJYCT_VjhVD55xENL5K8KbbdUO6a74MFOMBO5BPPomKGXQ_iEWQS7RKY7OnGU5wJlFEfzWPz_445lplURzQDWX1b4FbXio07hzEPBPZ4ozDSYs" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="12" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">&nbsp; l&agrave; hệ số nhiệt độ Van't Hoff.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. Ảnh hưởng của &aacute;p suất: Đối với phản ứng c&oacute; chất kh&iacute; tham gia, tốc độ phản ứng tăng khi &aacute;p suất tăng.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">d. Ảnh hưởng của bề mặt tiếp x&uacute;c: Khi tăng diện t&iacute;ch bề mặt tiếp x&uacute;c của chất phản ứng, tốc độ phản ứng tăng.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e. Ảnh hưởng của chất x&uacute;c t&aacute;c: Chất x&uacute;c t&aacute;c l&agrave;m tăng tốc độ phản ứng h&oacute;a học, nhưng vẫn được bảo to&agrave;n về chất v&agrave; lượng khi kết th&uacute;c phản ứng.&nbsp;</span></p>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">4. &Ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 lớp 10 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a: Nguy&ecirc;n tố nh&oacute;m VIIA - Halogen</span></h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">a. Vị tr&iacute; của nh&oacute;m halogen trong bảng tuần ho&agrave;n:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 602px; height: 323px;"><img height="323" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/ShW8lmS1on5P9MFKXSeV3X6fvbD24PSL6QkkYH6o5cv5X3GVBhiKNY7UUE8YDSnGhL-h7Nw5nUXVHHdnWodLinie1cJRTvb2TufyVE_Xx3NYNtbNicneJtLhTSopXYJVvRLxHRAHy-VRMKqFZXJdTxc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nh&oacute;m halogen gồm những nguy&ecirc;n tố thuộc nh&oacute;m VIIA trong bảng tuần ho&agrave;n bao gồm c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n tố h&oacute;a học sau:&nbsp;</span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;">
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Fluorine (F);</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Chlorine (Cl);</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Bromnine (Br);</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Iodine (I);</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Astatine (At);</span></p>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; text-wrap: wrap;">Tennessine (Ts).&nbsp;</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">b. Trạng th&aacute;i tự nhi&ecirc;n của c&aacute;c halogen: Trong tự nhi&ecirc;n, halogen chỉ tồn tại ở dạng hợp chất. Hợp chất chủ yếu của halogen l&agrave; muối halide.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">c. Đơn chất halogen tồn tại ở dạng ph&acirc;n tử X2, li&ecirc;n kết trong ph&acirc;n tử l&agrave; li&ecirc;n kết cộng h&oacute;a trị kh&ocirc;ng ph&acirc;n cực.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">d. T&iacute;nh chất vật l&yacute; của c&aacute;c halogen:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Từ fluorine đến iodine:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ Trạng th&aacute;i tập hợp của đơn chất ở 20oC thay đổi: fluorine v&agrave; chlorine ở thể kh&iacute;, bromine ở thể lỏng, iodine ở thể rắn.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ M&agrave;u sắc đậm dần từ fluorine đến iodine.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">+ Nhiệt độ n&oacute;ng chảy v&agrave; nhiệt độ s&ocirc;i tăng dần.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e. T&iacute;nh chất h&oacute;a học</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- T&aacute;c dụng với kim loại</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2Ag + F2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/KbcKyNSLaNfV2XvF_d_th4lJDLTM21P7B8fjcwXIryRUGE9dDJzT-V36Pa0jCVWerTrdYkOcfBuCM34efRAue5Mv66auVFehK6z-wKXwboZmkSM-bUJ7ss7NKZcFmSRzv73FZXjaVOjWyiQWHuY3zaI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2AgF</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2Fe + 2Cl2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/UH5yyO46GhPmB2kJPp3c4d5Zof14fwNg7MJcbp_OKIAaOZt8qRgZn788se_ouCQZZz3ETIicpZS2zhx_ThEzQCpZoaAU5dyl2jyWKDETqX6Ix4QqugMAeRZNJVy_i-qIZzO8W-Mw9SrmmzymGfLNew8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2FeCl3</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2Na + Br2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/i8g-uRKAMLqLXjcQyUlo6JNJPdteYkJhZiJHmoekaD9WiPx0DhNUI5A-xSFzSs_TrqPR0hPd8YrrcEIrmcFkkZhC35Ym7Fhof6-JiMHTsjrg1rJqSK2T5lrbL2wT2Yn4sqDTaQOoIwIGqnK59S4xpds" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2NaBr</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- T&aacute;c dụng với hydrogen.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">H2 + F2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 13px;"><img alt="\large \rightarrow" height="13" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/s8jZCsOsJ7pWBjjzpNa4dQS2TiC4wzM5xtYMI0K_BNJ0bm9jxmqEaOrFdCrcnWXi9zb7G-NN2dqNbFFXXcppLB4IIRx84VlfyebP5KNIlg2QQ91KLJWrI7UH-Hh252OrC4_MdSoCOBaRpfzRZyXN8pE" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2HF</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">H2 + Cl2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 29px; height: 24px;"><img alt="\large \overset{askt}{\rightarrow}" height="24" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/CdhYnPr2RGHfUU6ADYzr_gbI0IFhdz3JXpwXlCR77QLi5qFJhSFfja1_foPTJcv_Z2NMrt6JLUfvD2T3YSXV995kYHuupr3azWtkjRwq3-2ZX33iM-268QuvnBZpggs0LPI6p6m9zhgNo16fz-2uYec" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="29" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2HCl&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">H2 + Br2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 20px; height: 24px;"><img alt="\large \overset{t^{^{o}}}{\rightarrow}" height="24" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/FVl1JRrX7DgLG7EuIr3ilxlf8p8kPOyceEcdvni_mC2AV611SY529N0OwTSzIIRa2XlnAG1gBI5IEORKRSae_39l9wBcmbmUzEZORXYAWOoy6TYfZESqrJtq4YXeS-CBpP8tQXEtu1VGnKIgOv3ArdU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="20" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2HBr</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">H2 + I2 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 122px; height: 25px;"><img alt="\large \xrightarrow[]{350^{o}C - 500^{o}C, pt}" height="25" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/RciycqwX6J1bNO0pRpuylRrdQu7aeEz66GoyzgKJcjjJ3m5efrkXi6_Zb3kSUkmvk5xUU84A2AnJIOF4fnOnf7kf5ZfqhqQgStRrlj4fAEBWE0WtOQRJPPX_u6wMoynYGxqhQfaFy5C6Qj4GmvLGY04" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="122" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2HI</span></p>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">5. &Ocirc;n thi học k&igrave; 2 lớp 10 m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a: Một số dạng b&agrave;i tập&nbsp;</span></h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">B&agrave;i 1: Cho c&aacute;c chất v&agrave; ion sau : Zn ; Cl2 ; FeO ; Fe2O3 ; SO2 ; H2S ; Fe2+ ; Cu2+ ; Ag+. Số lượng chất v&agrave; ion vừa đ&oacute;ng vai tr&ograve; chất khử, vừa đ&oacute;ng vai tr&ograve; chất oxi h&oacute;a l&agrave;?</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Lời giải:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">C&aacute;c chất vừa đ&oacute;ng vai tr&ograve; chất khử, vừa đ&oacute;ng vai tr&ograve; chất oxi h&oacute;a l&agrave;: Cl2, FeO ; SO2 ; Fe2+</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">B&agrave;i 2: X&aacute;c định hệ số c&acirc;n bằng của KMnO4 trong phản ứng sau: SO2 + KMnO4 + H2O &rarr; K2SO4 + ...</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Lời giải:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 499px; height: 183px;"><img height="183" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/m3zpXwwkvin-ZFbh4Gwd0xt2biRTmU-JOikX-h689ts42dJ0hM45N83UIHqrP08o4t3heW3UwJcBIxwjix5hZpaIQa5DbWquRzCbFyEe-C3Bm-5H5VCsP_6RcqYBpb4PXZfqd9dIDLEscb8LvIJwMd4" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="499" /></span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">B&agrave;i 3: Cho 15,8 gam KmnO4 t&aacute;c dụng với dung dịch HCl đậm đặc. Thể t&iacute;ch kh&iacute; clo thu được ở điều kiện ti&ecirc;u chuẩn l&agrave;:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Lời giải:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Mn+7nhường 5 e (Mn+2),Cl-thu 2.e (Cl2)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">&Aacute;p dụng định luật bảo to&agrave;n e ta c&oacute; :</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">5.nKmnO4 =2.nCl2</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">&rArr; nCl2 = 5/2 nKmnO4 =0.25 mol rArr; VCl2 =0,25 . 22,4 =0,56 l&iacute;t</span></p>
Nguồn:
[https://vuihoc.vn/tin/thpt-de-cuong-on-thi-hoc-ky-2-lop-10-mon-hoa-chi-tiet-3528.html](https://vuihoc.vn/tin/thpt-de-cuong-on-thi-hoc-ky-2-lop-10-mon-hoa-chi-tiet-3528.html)