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# IPLD Shallow Dive
---
## Goals of this talk
- What IPLD is and how it works
- Know why Multihashes and CIDs are needed for IPLD
---
## IPLD + Multiformats
---
## IPLD
Content-addressed structured data
---
## IPLD
Content-addressed **structured data**
---
## Structured data
- Your pen and paper to-do list
---
## Structured data
- Consists of a list of:
- item todo
- status (done/not done)
---
## Structured data
- For computer you might encode it as Markdown
```
- [x] Watch previous shallow dives
- [ ] Prepare presentation
```
---
## Structured data
- For computer you might encode it as JSON
```json
[{
"item:": "Watch previous shallow dives",
"done": true
}, {
"item:": "Prepare previous shallow dives",
"done": false
}]
```
---
## Structured data
- For computer you might encode it as CBOR
```hex
82A2656974656D3A781C57617463682070726576696F7573207368616C6C
6F7720646976657364646F6E65F5A2656974656D3A781E50726570617265
2070726576696F7573207368616C6C6F7720646976657364646F6E65F4
```
---
## Structured data
- The **IPLD Data Model** describes the structure (list of items and statuses)
- The **IPLD Codec**, how it is represented (pen and paper, Markdown, JSON, CBOR)
=> This makes it different from many other serialization systems like Protocol Buffers, where the data model is coupled with the encoding
Note:
- Systems have different need: e.g. human readable vs. efficient for computer
---
## IPLD
**Content-addressed** structured data
---
## Content-addressing
```graphviz
digraph hierarchy {
edge [color="#ffffff", fontcolor="#ffffff", fontname=D2Coding, fontsize=16, minlen=2]
graph [bgcolor="transparent", color="#ffffff", nodesep=1, rankdir=LR]
node [color="#ffffff", fontcolor="#ffffff", fontname=D2Coding, fontsize=16, shape=box, width=2, height=1]
subgraph ipld {
edge [
color="#222222"
fontcolor="#222222"
]
node [
color="#222222"
fontcolor="#222222"
]
data_model[label="IPLD Data Model"]
subgraph cluster_block {
edge [
minlen=1
]
graph [
color="transparent"
fontcolor="#222222"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
label="Block"
]
bytes_ipld[label="Bytes"]
cid[label="CID"]
bytes_ipld -> cid [label="hashing"]
}
data_model -> bytes_ipld [label="encode with", taillabel=" IPLD Codec"]
}
structured_data[label="Structured Data"]
bytes[label="Bytes"]
address[label="Address"]
structured_data -> bytes [label="encode"]
bytes -> address [label="hashing"]
}
```
---
## Content-addressing
```graphviz
digraph hierarchy {
edge [color="#ffffff", fontcolor="#ffffff", fontname=D2Coding, fontsize=16, minlen=2]
graph [bgcolor="transparent", color="#ffffff", nodesep=1, rankdir=LR]
node [color="#ffffff", fontcolor="#ffffff", fontname=D2Coding, fontsize=16, shape=box, width=2, height=1]
subgraph ipld {
data_model[label="IPLD Data Model"]
subgraph cluster_block {
edge [
minlen=1
]
graph [
color="transparent"
fontcolor="#222222"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
label=<<b>Block</b>>
]
bytes_ipld[label="Bytes"]
cid[label="CID"]
bytes_ipld -> cid [label="hashing"]
}
data_model -> bytes_ipld [label="encode with", taillabel=" IPLD Codec"]
}
structured_data[label="Structured Data"]
bytes[label="Bytes"]
address[label="Address"]
structured_data -> bytes [label="encode"]
bytes -> address [label="hashing"]
}
```
---
## Content-addressing
```graphviz
digraph hierarchy {
edge [color="#ffffff", fontcolor="#ffffff", fontname=D2Coding, fontsize=16, minlen=2]
graph [bgcolor="transparent", color="#ffffff", nodesep=1, rankdir=LR]
node [color="#ffffff", fontcolor="#ffffff", fontname=D2Coding, fontsize=16, shape=box, width=2, height=1]
subgraph ipld {
data_model[label="IPLD Data Model"]
subgraph cluster_block {
edge [
minlen=1
]
graph [
color="#ffaf00"
fontcolor="#ffaf00"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
label=<<b>Block</b>>
penwidth=2
]
bytes_ipld[label="Bytes"]
cid[label="CID"]
bytes_ipld -> cid [label="hashing"]
}
data_model -> bytes_ipld [label="encode with", taillabel=" IPLD Codec"]
}
structured_data[label="Structured Data"]
bytes[label="Bytes"]
address[label="Address"]
structured_data -> bytes [label="encode"]
bytes -> address [label="hashing"]
}
```
---
## Multihash
- Part of a CID
- Describes which hash function was used
- Used for verifying the data
- Data changes => hash changes
=> If hash matches the data, it's a very very very high probability that the data is the expected on (it's so high that you can take it for granted)
---
## Example: org chart
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
graph [
nodesep=1
splines=ortho
]
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding,
fontsize=20,
shape=box,
]
Alice[width=1]
Bob[width=2]
Cameron[width=2]
# Helper points to make edges go sideways, based on
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49053316/orthogonal-edges-layout-in-graphviz/68297726#68297726
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
point2 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
Alice->point1[arrowhead=none]
Alice->point2[arrowhead=none]
point1->Bob:nw
point2->Cameron:ne
}
```
---
## Example: org chart
Single person:
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
node [
color="#ffffff",
fontcolor="#ffffff",
fontname=D2Coding,
fontsize=20,
shape=record,
width=2
]
person [
label = "{name\l|team\l|staff\l - One\l - Two\l}"
]
}
```
---
## Example: org chart
Alice
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
node [
color="#ffffff",
fontcolor="#ffffff",
fontname=D2Coding,
fontsize=20,
shape=record,
width=2
]
alice [
label = "{name: Alice\l|team: FilDev\l|staff\l - Bob\l - Cameron\l}"
]
}
```
---
## Example: org chart
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="transparent"
fontcolor="#222222"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
]
graph [
nodesep=1
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=record
width=2
]
alice [
label = "{name: Alice\l|team: FilDev\l|staff\l - Bob\l - Cameron\l}"
]
bob [
label = "{name: Bob\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
cameron [
label = "{name: Cameron\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
bob_block [
color="transparent"
fontcolor="#222222"
label = "Block\n(CIDofBob\n+ bytes)"
]
cameron_block [
color="transparent"
fontcolor="#222222"
label = "Block\n(CIDofCameron\n+ bytes)"
width=2.5
]
bob -> bob_block[label=" encode\n & hash"]
cameron -> cameron_block[label=" encode\n & hash"]
}
```
---
## Example: org chart
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
]
graph [
nodesep=1
]
node [
color="#ffffff",
fontcolor="#ffffff",
fontname=D2Coding,
fontsize=20,
shape=record,
width=2
]
alice [
label = "{name: Alice\l|team: FilDev\l|staff\l - Bob\l - Cameron\l}"
]
bob [
label = "{name: Bob\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
cameron [
label = "{name: Cameron\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
bob_block [
color="#ffaf00"
fontcolor="#ffaf00"
label=<<b>Block<br/>(CIDofBob<br/>+ bytes)</b>>
]
cameron_block [
color="#ffaf00"
fontcolor="#ffaf00"
label=<<b>Block<br/>(CIDofCameron<br/>+ bytes)</b>>
width=2.5
]
bob -> bob_block[
color="#ffaf00"
fontcolor="#ffaf00"
label=<<b> encode<br/> & hash</b>>
penwidth=2
]
cameron -> cameron_block[
color="#ffaf00"
fontcolor="#ffaf00"
label=" encode\n & hash"
label=<<b> encode<br/> & hash</b>>
penwidth=2
]
}
```
---
## Example: org chart
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=2
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=record
width=2
]
alice->point1[arrowhead=none]
alice->point2[arrowhead=none]
point1->bob:nw
point2->cameron:ne
alice [
label = "{name: Alice\l|team: FilDev\l|staff\l - CIDofBob\l - CIDofCameron\l}"
]
bob [
label = "{name: Bob\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
cameron [
label = "{name: Cameron\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
# Helper points to make edges go sideways, based on
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49053316/orthogonal-edges-layout-in-graphviz/68297726#68297726
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
point2 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
}
```
---
## IPLD concepts in org chart
- CIDs: Content Identifiers
- DAG: Directed acyclic graph (arrows are not forming loops)
- IPLD pathing: Accessing a specific item in a DAG
- IPLD Selectors: More complex traversals than pathing
---
## IPLD pathing
Example: CIDofAlice/staff/0/name => Bob
** **
** **
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=2
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff",
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20,
shape=record
width=2
]
alice->point1[arrowhead=none]
alice->point2[arrowhead=none]
point1->bob:nw
point2->cameron:ne
alice [
label = "{name: Alice\l|team: FilDev\l|staff\l - CIDofBob\l - CIDofCameron\l}"
]
bob [
label = "{name: Bob\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
cameron [
label = "{name: Cameron\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
# Helper points to make edges go sideways, based on
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49053316/orthogonal-edges-layout-in-graphviz/68297726#68297726
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
point2 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
}
```
---
## IPLD pathing
Example: CIDofAlice/staff/0/name => Bob
CIDs are transparent links. It's **not**:
CIDofAlice/staff/0/**CIDofBob**/name
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=2
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=record
width=2
]
alice->point1[arrowhead=none]
alice->point2[arrowhead=none]
point1->bob:nw
point2->cameron:ne
alice [
label = "{name: Alice\l|team: FilDev\l|staff\l - CIDofBob\l - CIDofCameron\l}"
]
bob [
label = "{name: Bob\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
cameron [
label = "{name: Cameron\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
# Helper points to make edges go sideways, based on
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49053316/orthogonal-edges-layout-in-graphviz/68297726#68297726
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
point2 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
}
```
---
## IPLD pathing
Example: CIDofAlice/staff/0/name => Bob
** **
** **
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=2
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=record
width=2
]
alice->point1[arrowhead=none]
alice->point2[arrowhead=none]
point1->bob:nw
point2->cameron:ne
alice [
label = "{name: Alice\l|team: FilDev\l|staff\l - CIDofBob\l - CIDofCameron\l}"
]
bob [
label = "{name: Bob\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
cameron [
label = "{name: Cameron\l|team: FilDev\l}"
]
# Helper points to make edges go sideways, based on
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49053316/orthogonal-edges-layout-in-graphviz/68297726#68297726
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
point2 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
}
```
---
## IPLD pathing
Example: CIDofAlice/staff/0/name => Bob
** **
** **
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=2
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname="D2Coding"
fontsize=20
shape=record
width=2
]
alice->point1[arrowhead=none]
alice->point2[arrowhead=none]
point1->bob:nw
point2->cameron:ne
alice [
label = "{name: Alice\l|team: FilDev\l|staff\l - CIDofBob\l - CIDofCameron\l}"
]
bob [
color="#ffaf00"
fontcolor="#ffaf00"
height=0.746
label = <<b>bytes</b> >
penwidth=2
]
cameron [
color="#ffaf00"
fontcolor="#ffaf00"
height = 0.746
label = <<b>bytes</b> >
penwidth=2
]
# Helper points to make edges go sideways, based on
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49053316/orthogonal-edges-layout-in-graphviz/68297726#68297726
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
point2 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
}
```
---
## Anatomy of a CIDv1
CIDv1: `version + IPLD Codec + Multihash`
- IPLD Codec: how to decode the bytes into structured data
- Multihash: verify the data
---
## Immutability
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [label = ""]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [label = ""]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [label = ""]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->{alice1 alice2}
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron1 cameron2 cameron3}
alice2->point1[color=transparent]
}
```
---
## Immutability
Someone leaves the company.
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [label = ""]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
style=filled
]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [label = ""]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->{alice1 alice2}
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron1 cameron2 cameron3}
alice2->point1[color=transparent]
}
```
---
## Immutability
Not quite correct
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [label = ""]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [label = ""]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->{alice1 alice2}
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron2 cameron3}
alice2->{cameron1 point1}[color=transparent]
}
```
---
## Immutability
Person needs to be updated
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label=""
style=filled
]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [label = ""]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->{alice1 alice2}
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron1 cameron2 cameron3}
alice2->point1[color=transparent]
}
```
---
## Immutability
Create a new person entry…
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [label = ""]
alice3 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
style=filled
]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [label = ""]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->{alice1 alice2}
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron1 cameron2 cameron3}
alice2->point1[color=transparent]
{rank=same alice2 alice3}
}
```
---
## Immutability
…that points to the actual team members
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [label = ""]
alice3 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
style=filled
]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [label = ""]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->{alice1 alice2}
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron1 cameron2 cameron3}
alice2->{point1}[color=transparent]
alice3->{cameron2 cameron3}[
constraint=false
color="#ffaf00"
penwidth=2
]
{rank=same alice2 alice3}
}
```
---
## Immutability
We don't need the old entry anymore
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [
color="transparent"
label = ""
]
alice3 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
style=filled
]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [label = ""]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->alice1
dori->alice2
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron2 cameron3}[color=transparent]
alice2->{cameron1 point1}[color=transparent]
alice3->{cameron2 cameron3}[
constraint=false
color="#ffaf00"
penwidth=2
]
{rank=same alice2 alice3}
}
```
---
## Immutability
Also the top-most person needs to be updated
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [
color="transparent"
label = ""
]
alice3 [
color="#ffaf00"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=2
]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [label = ""]
dori2 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
style=filled
]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->alice1
dori->alice2
dori2 -> {alice1 alice3}[
color="#ffaf00"
constraint=false
penwidth=2
]
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron2 cameron3}[color=transparent]
alice2->{cameron1 point1}[color=transparent]
alice3->{cameron2 cameron3}[
color="#ffaf00"
constraint=false
penwidth=2
]
{rank=same alice2 alice3}
}
```
---
## Immutability
Copy on Write (CoW)
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [
color="transparent"
label = ""
]
alice3 [
color="#ffaf00"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=2
]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [
color="transparent"
label = ""
]
dori2 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
style=filled
]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->alice1[color=transparent]
dori->alice2[color=transparent]
dori2 -> {alice1 alice3}[
color="#ffaf00"
constraint=false
penwidth=2
]
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron2 cameron3}[color=transparent]
alice2->{cameron1 point1}[color=transparent]
alice3->{cameron2 cameron3}[
color="#ffaf00"
constraint=false
penwidth=2
]
{rank=same alice2 alice3}
}
```
---
## Immutability
This is our new graph
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [label = ""]
alice2 [
color="transparent"
label = ""
]
alice3 [
#color="#ffaf00"
#fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
#penwidth=2
]
bob1 [label = ""]
bob2 [label = ""]
bob3 [label = ""]
bob4 [label = ""]
cameron1 [
color="transparent"
fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
]
cameron2 [label = ""]
cameron3 [label = ""]
dori [
color="transparent"
label = ""
]
dori2 [
#color="transparent"
#fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
#style=filled
]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->alice1[color=transparent]
dori->alice2[color=transparent]
dori2 -> {alice1 alice3}[
#color="#ffaf00"
constraint=false
#penwidth=2
]
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}
alice2->{cameron2 cameron3}[color=transparent]
alice2->{cameron1 point1}[color=transparent]
alice3->{cameron2 cameron3}[
#color="#ffaf00"
constraint=false
#penwidth=2
]
{rank=same alice2 alice3}
}
```
---
## Immutability
Travel back in time
```graphviz
digraph G {
bgcolor="#222222"
edge [
color="#ffffff"
]
graph [
nodesep=0.7
splines=ortho
]
node [
color="#ffffff"
fontcolor="#ffffff"
fontname=D2Coding
fontsize=20
shape=box
height=1
]
alice1 [
label = ""
color="#ffaf00"
penwidth=3
]
alice2 [
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=2
]
alice3 [
#color="#ffaf00"
#fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
#penwidth=2
]
bob1 [
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=3
]
bob2 [
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=3
]
bob3 [
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=3
]
bob4 [
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=3
]
cameron1 [
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=3
]
cameron2 [
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=3
]
cameron3 [
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=3
]
dori [
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=3
style=filled
]
dori2 [
#color="transparent"
#fillcolor="#ffaf00"
label = ""
#style=filled
]
point1 [label="", shape=point, width=0]
dori->alice1[
color="#ffaf00"
penwidth=3
]
dori->alice2[
color="#ffaf00"
penwidth=3
]
dori2 -> {alice1 alice3}[
#color="#ffaf00"
constraint=false
#penwidth=2
]
alice1->{bob1 bob2 bob3 bob4}[
color="#ffaf00"
penwidth=3
]
alice2->{cameron2 cameron3}[
color="#ffaf00"
penwidth=3
]
alice2->point1[color=transparent]
alice2->cameron1[
color="#ffaf00"
label = ""
penwidth=3
]
alice3->{cameron2 cameron3}[
#color="#ffaf00"
constraint=false
#penwidth=2
]
{rank=same alice2 alice3}
}
```
---
## Where is IPLD used?
- [IPFS](https://ipfs.tech/): Peer-to-peer hypermedia protocol
- [Filecoin](https://filecoin.io/): Decentralized storage
- [Peergos](https://peergos.org/): Private data storage
- [Bluesky](https://blueskyweb.org/): Social network
- [Capyloon](https://capyloon.org/): Mobile OS
---
The end.
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