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# <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> Constructing Normalcy
### The Bell curve, the novel, and the invention of the disabled body in the nineteenth century
**Tree Zi @ 2021.03.18 DS-Course**
---
```graphviz
graph G {
node [color="blue" fontname="bold" fontsize=20 shape="cube"]
edge [fontsize=12 fontname="bold"]
#------------------------------------------------------
normalcy [label="正常性"]
statistic [label="統計學"]
Quetelet [label="Quetelet的\n 平均人"]
Galton [label="Galton的\n常態分布"]
scienceofnormalcy [label="正常性的科學"]
representofprejudice [label="歧視的再現"]
#------------------------------------------------------
normalcy -- statistic [label="建立可計算性\n（calculated）"]
Quetelet -- statistic [label="應用於建立\n社會與人的關係\n社會物理學\n（social physics）"]
statistic -- Galton [label="應用於建立\n人種與遺傳的關係\n優生學（eugenics）"]
{rank="same";statistic, Quetelet, Galton}
{Quetelet, Galton} -- scienceofnormalcy [dir="forward"]
scienceofnormalcy -- representofprejudice [style="dashed"]
#------------------------------------------------------
{rank="same"; normalcy, preindustry}
preindustry [label="norm的意涵\n工具→規範" fontsize=15 color="pink"]
normalcy -- preindustry [dir="back"]
#------------------------------------------------------
lhommemoyen [label="平均人\n（l'homme moyen）\n 中產階級作為代表" fontsize=15 color="pink"]
lhommemoyen -- Quetelet [dir="back"]
#------------------------------------------------------
bellcurve [label="翻轉鐘型曲線意義\n建構「常態分布」\n區別人的優劣"fontsize=15 color="pink"]
Galton -- bellcurve [dir="forward"]
#------------------------------------------------------
{rank="same"; scienceofnormalcy, lhommemoyen, bellcurve}
#------------------------------------------------------
{rank="same"; representofprejudice, novels}
novels [label="{<f0>19世紀小說中的「障礙」形象|<f1>無法為國家、產業所用\n（Flaubert）|<f2>家族遺傳給個人\n（Zola）|<f3>障礙形象作為辱罵、\n歧視的用語\n（Conrad）}" shape="Mrecord" fontsize=15 color="pink"]
}
```
---
## 正常性（norm）的歷史
- norm以前的意思是指 ==木匠的工具==
- <font color="skyblue"> *......Previously, the word had meant "perpendicular"; the carpenter's squared, called a "norm" ......* </font>
----
- 具備「規範」意義的norm出現於19世紀的英語世界
- <font color="skyblue"> *the "norm," in the modern sense, has only been in use since around 1855, and "normality" and "normalcy" appeared in 1849 and 1857. ...... it is possible to date the coming into consciousness in English of an idea of "the norm" over the period of 1840 - 1860.* </font>
---
## 統計學的應用與發展
- 統計學最早是用於政策用途
- <font color="skyblue"> *...... Statistics begins in the early modern period as "political arithmetic" ─ a use of data for **"promotion of sound, well-informed state policy"*** (Porter 1986, 18). </font>
----
- 統計的應用擴展到國家之外而與身體、產業建立起連帶。
- <font color="skyblue"> *......The connection between the body and industry is tellingly revealed in the fact that the leading members of the first British statistical societies formed in the 1830s and 1849s were industrials or had close ties to industry.* </font>
---
## Quetelet 的平均人
- Quetelet 發展出 ==平均人==，用以處理一個地區內所有人民的平均狀態。
- 他將統計的概念應用於社會學上，發展出社會物理學，並以此作為建構「良好社會」的基礎
- 在此，中產階級（bourgeois）即作為平均人的理想狀態
----
- 而文明的發展會讓人們的偏離行為越來越少，人們會愈加齊一
- <font color="skyblue"> *one of the principal acts of civilization is to **compress more and more the limits within which the different elements relative to man oscillate.** The more that enlightenment is propagated, the more will deviations form the mean diminish.......* </font>
---
## Galton的常態分布
----
- 鐘形曲線
----
- ==error curve==：用於天文學上，觀測星體位置的統計圖
- 透過整理不同觀察者的數值，累積大量的誤差（error），來尋找最可能的位置
- 在Galton底下，則結合他對於優生學的興趣，將誤差曲線賦名為常態分布曲線（ ==normal distribution== curve）
----
- Galton賦予鐘型曲線新的意義，藉以區分出優劣
- <font color="skyblue"> *Galton...... think[s] of intelligence in ranked order. Although high intelligence in a normal distribution would simply ==be an extreme==, under a ranked system it would ==become the highest ranked trait==,......Galton’s work led directly to current “intelligence quotient” (IQ)...... In fact, Galton revised Gauss’s bell curve to show the ==superiority of the desired trait==.* </font>
---
## 正常性的科學
- 藉由數學的語言，正常有了明確的圖像，而偏離（deviants）則得到明確的界定──亦即在常態分布（鐘型曲線）上的兩端──偏離了大多數人的狀態，因而是偏差的。
- 由此身體上的「障礙」也因為偏離了大多數人（平均人）的樣態，而成為社會中的偏離者。
---
## 歧視的再現
- 19世紀的文學作品捕捉了這個時期對於「障礙者」的描述。
----
- 如在Flaubert 1850年的作品《包法利夫人》中，便透過描述有內翻足（club foot）的 Hippolyte，被旁人要求去動手術，以便能符合國家和勞動的需求。
- <font color="skyblue"> *......[Hippolyte] is told, it “must considerably interfere with the proper ==performance of your work==” (ibid., 126). And in addition to redefining him in terms of his ability to carry out work,....[someone says] “think what would have happened if you had been called into the army, and ==had to fight under our national banner!==” (ibid., 126).*</font>
----
- 而從Zola對此時期的「現代小說」，則提出現代小說的任務在於 ==寫實== ，基於科學與經驗的觀察進行書寫，而非臆測。
- <font color="skyblue"> *Zola’s characters belong to “the earth.” This commitment constitutes Zola’s new realism, one ==based on the norm, the average, the inherited==.* </font>
----
- 而這些經驗與科學，也就是建立在統計學與對人類遺傳研究的基礎之上。
- <font color="skyblue"> *......[Zola's] intention in the Rougon-Macquart series was to show ==how heredity would influence a family== ....... This series would be ==a study of the “singular effect of heredit”== (ibid.).* </font>
----
- Conrad在他的作品中反覆出現對於障礙者的歧視與辱罵用語。這些橫溢在作品中用語，反應了這些作家所身處的環境。
- <font color="skyblue"> *Indeed the whole conception of imperialism on which writers like Conrad depend is largely based on ==notions of race and ethnicity that are intricately tied up with eugenics, statistical proofs of intelligence, ability==, and so on.* </font>
----
- <font color=red>這類對於障礙者的描寫是這時期的作家標示「那時代的怪異」的成果。</font>
- <font color="skyblue"> *......Finally, Conrad makes the point that all these "abnormal" characters "are not the product of the exceptional ==but the general─of the normality of their place, and time , and race==."* </font>
---
## 小結：norm 的社會建構（史）
- 作為理想型的norm （如：在藝術作品中的理想人）
- 作為平均勞動力的normal people （如：馬克思《資本論》中的勞動者）
- 作為中產階級的norm（如：Quetelet的平均人）
- 作為遺傳、種族、血統的norm（如：Galton與眾多19世紀作家筆下的人）
----
## 障礙的建構議題
1. 誰建構／區別
2. 如何建構／區別
3. 誰被建構／區別
---
## 提問一
探討「正常」如何建構的過程中，非正常的圖像會不會太模糊？例如，對照著「中產階級白人男性」這樣的[「正常」](https://hackmd.io/@treeple/rJP9gqv6P/%2F%40treeple%2FB1sHTZVpw#%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8F%E5%A1%91%E9%80%A0%E5%81%8F%E9%9B%A2%E8%80%85%EF%BC%8C%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%A1%E5%90%8D%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97)，與此相對的「異常」指涉的群體太廣。
> ......在美國只有一種完全不用怕羞的男人：年輕、已婚、白種、居住在都市、北方人、異性戀、新教徒、為人父、具大學教育程度、有全職工作、有良好的膚色、體重與身高，以及最近仍保持運動記錄。（Goffman，《污名》）
----
## 提問二
文中後面用19世紀的小說文本進行分析，用以回應前半部分提出的「正常性的科學」建構，舉證是否不夠充分？
----
## 提問三
障礙研究的分析對象由「正常」決定（提問一），這會不會讓障礙研究的對象會隱含如種族、階級、性別等等多重「無法正常」的身分。在此障礙研究的特殊性為何？
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