# OONE World: Revolutionizing Mobility, Empowering Our Future

<center> OONE Labs</center>
<center> [e-mail] </center>

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**Legal Disclaimer** The content provided in this White Paper does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to purchase any tokens. OONE is presenting this White Paper exclusively for the purpose of obtaining feedback and comments from the public. In the event that OONE decides to make tokens available for sale (or a Simple Agreement for Future Tokens), such offerings will be conducted through definitive offering documents. These documents will include a disclosure document and risk factors. It is anticipated that these definitive documents will also encompass an updated version of this White Paper, which may differ substantially from its current form.

No aspect of this White Paper should be construed or interpreted as a guarantee or promise regarding the future development of OONE's business or the tokens' utility or value. The outlined plans in this White Paper are subject to change at OONE's discretion, and their success will be contingent on various factors beyond OONE's control. These factors include market-based considerations and influences within the data and cryptocurrency industries, among others. Any statements about future events are based solely on OONE's analysis of the issues described in this White Paper, and there is a possibility that this analysis may prove to be inaccurate.

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# Introduction

In the contemporary world, our lives are shaped by the principles of a consumer economy, where the freedom to produce and consume contributes to societal and individual prosperity. While the market is often perceived as rational, modern consumption patterns generate substantial carbon dioxide emissions, significantly impacting the planet. This leads to a greenhouse effect, promoting plant growth and oxygen generation, but also accelerating global temperature increases, subsequently altering the Earth's climate.

Current solutions to address this issue are deemed insufficient and lack scalability. There is a notable absence of effective instruments that simultaneously contribute to emission reduction and create incentives for sustainable practices. In response to this gap, we present OONE World, a groundbreaking environmental initiative designed to globally and effectively address the issue while offering value and motivation to participants.

OONE World seeks to reduce CO2 emissions by focusing on a major contributor: vehicles. Acknowledging that vehicles are primary emitters of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, our approach aims to lower CO2 levels without compromising regular consumption patterns.

In the face of environmental challenges, the OONE World ecosystem emerges as a beacon of innovation and social responsibility. The OONE World app, blending cutting-edge technology with environmental consciousness, endeavors to transform how people interact with their surroundings. The strategic design of our solution not only rewards users adhering to speed limits but also intelligently reduces driving speeds to significantly curtail global carbon emissions. Users are not only incentivized with rewards but also enjoy substantial fuel savings, as emission reduction correlates with reduced fuel consumption.

At its core, OONE World leverages blockchain technology to facilitate positive global change. The introduction of the OONE token, tied to a reward system, empowers users to actively contribute to solving pressing environmental problems. This white paper outlines the intricate workings of the OONE World ecosystem, illustrating how it seamlessly integrates technological innovation, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability to establish a harmonious and effective symbiosis. Join us on this transformative journey where responsible actions are not only acknowledged but also rewarded, paving the way for a cleaner, safer, and more sustainable future.

# Problem

Our planet is experiencing unprecedented heat levels due to global warming, driven by the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants in the atmosphere. The resulting greenhouse effect, caused by pollutants trapping heat, leads to detrimental changes in vulnerable ecosystems, such as coral reef bleaching and arctic tundra permafrost melting. Despite the severe impact on the climate, there is currently no market-driven punishment for emitting carbon dioxide.

Transportation accounts for 21% of global carbon emissions, making it the second-largest emitter, and this figure continues to rise. Traditional solutions involve transitioning to alternative fuels, which often fall short of addressing the global problem. OONE World uniquely targets this issue, focusing on incentivizing responsible driving behavior to reduce emissions from vehicles, the major contributors to carbon dioxide.

Existing environmental projects lack significant encouragement, relying on volunteer efforts or creating an illusion of value. OONE World values true environmental commitment, aiming to provide a scalable and long-term solution to a global problem.

# Solution

The pressing issue of global warming and climate change necessitates swift action. OONE World presents a unique approach to address the problem by optimizing carbon dioxide emissions while creating economic incentives. Our methodology focuses on reducing carbon emissions by regulating the average speed of vehicles. Exceeding permissible speeds results in significant fuel consumption, and by adhering to speed limits, up to 7% of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions can be prevented. Reduction of 7 liters of fuel is equivalent to planting one tree in terms of carbon emissions. The effectiveness of this approach is recognized by international organizations.

To maximize impact, we incentivize responsible driving behavior through a reward system. Economic incentives prove to be the most effective motivation for widespread implementation, ensuring remarkable results in environmental contributions from the community.

Recognizing the limitations of traditional financial instruments, we leverage innovative blockchain technology to establish a global reward system. The OONE token, our blockchain-based solution, will be used to compensate drivers for their environmental and social contributions. Additionally, the widely recognized stable token USDT will be offered as an alternative. As our ecosystem expands, the OONE token will become the primary means of transferring values within the OONE World ecosystem.

By implementing our emission reduction methodology, along with rewards and blockchain-based payments, we anticipate achieving unprecedented reductions in CO2 levels. OONE World aims not only to surpass existing environmental projects but also to promote widespread adoption of blockchain technologies and sustainable environmental practices.

# OONE World
To solve the problem of global warming and excessive fuel consumption, the OONE World super application was developed, which focuses on the scalable and mass implementation of its solution in the field of reducing the carbon footprint by motivating drivers through a reward system.
## What does OONE World do?
OONE World empowers individuals and organizations to reduce fuel costs, increase safety, reduce their carbon footprint and earn rewards for responsible behavior.
* **Save fuel** By following the speed limit, which is reflected in our application, you can greatly reduce your fuel costs, possibly saving from 7% per year
* **Reduce Carbon footprint** Save our planet, every liter of fuel saved saves 2.6 kg of CO2
* **Earn rewards** Receive rewards for every kilometer you travel according to the rules, withdraw them in any convenient way
* **Increase safety** Increase your own safety and the safety of traffic participants, speeding leads to accidents, by following the rules you preserve the health of yourself and those around you

## OONE Drive: App for Safe and Sustainable Driving

OONE Drive is a mobile application designed to promote safe driving practices and incentivize eco-friendly behavior. By using a combination of telematics, GPS data, and machine learning algorithms, OONE Drive assesses driving performance in real-time, considering factors such as speed, acceleration, braking, and adherence to traffic rules. Users who demonstrate safe driving habits and maintain low carbon emissions are rewarded with Tokens, encouraging a positive feedback loop of responsible driving behavior. OONE Drive not only helps users earn rewards but also helps them to reduce fuel costs and provides valuable insights and personalized recommendations to improve driving skills and reduce environmental impact.

## OONE Fleet: Next-Generation Fleet Management System

OONE Fleet is a cutting-edge fleet management system powered by blockchain technology. It provides fleet operators with real-time visibility and control over their vehicles, drivers, and assets. Through smart contracts and decentralized data storage, OONE Fleet ensures the integrity and immutability of crucial information such as maintenance records, vehicle usage, and driver performance. By leveraging advanced analytics and predictive algorithms, fleet managers can optimize operations, reduce costs, and improve overall efficiency. Moreover, OONE Fleet incorporates a unique driver motivation system that incentivizes and rewards responsible driving behavior, thereby enhancing safety standards and reducing environmental impact.

## OONE Wallet: User-Friendly Web3 Wallet for Digital Assets

OONE Wallet is a user-friendly, Web3-compatible wallet that enables seamless management of digital assets within the OONE Chain ecosystem. It offers a secure and intuitive interface for users to store, send, and receive various cryptocurrencies, including OONE Coin. OONE Wallet ensures the protection of users' funds and private keys. Additionally, OONE.Wallet provides access to a wide range of decentralized applications (dApps) and services within the blockchain ecosystem, empowering users to engage with the broader economy and make the most of their digital assets.

## OONE Coin: The Native Cryptocurrency of OONE Chain

OONE Coin serves as the primary means of value exchange within the OONE World ecosystem. As a utility token, OONE Coin enables frictionless and transparent transactions across the platform, eliminating the need for intermediaries and reducing transaction costs. Users can utilize OONE Coin for various purposes, including payments, investments accessing additional features within the OONE World ecosystem and a lot of things more.

# OONE World: Economics and Incentives

## Introduction
Tokenomics is the study of the economics and incentives surrounding a blockchain's native token. It plays a critical role in the success and sustainability of a blockchain network, as it shapes the behavior and incentives of participants in the ecosystem.
In this document, we will outline the tokenomics for our ecological blockchain, which aims to provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for blockchain technology. Our token, OONE, will serve as the backbone of the network and drive the incentivization and growth of the ecosystem.
With a focus on reducing energy consumption and promoting environmentally conscious practices, OONE will not only be a valuable and functional token, but also a symbol of our commitment to a greener future.
This document will detail the key elements of our tokenomics, including token supply, distribution, utility, incentives, and other relevant factors. Our goal is to create a tokenomics model that drives the adoption, usage, and growth of the ecological blockchain while ensuring its long-term stability and success.

## OONE Economy
The OONE economy is characterized by three main sets of participants:
Users submit transactions to the OONE platform in order to create, mutate, and transfer digital assets or interact with more sophisticated applications enabled by smart contracts, interoperability, and composability.
OONE token holders have the option of staking their tokens to validators and participating in the proof-of-stake mechanism. Validators manage transaction processing and execution on the OONE platform.

The OONE economy has five core components:
* OONE Coin (OONE): OONE Coin is the native cryptocurrency of the OONE network. It is used to pay for transactions on the network and serves as a store of value. OONE is also used as a means of exchange for other cryptocurrencies and tokens.

* Smart Contracts: Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller being directly written into lines of code. They run on the OONE blockchain and enable decentralized applications (dapps) to operate autonomously and securely.

* Decentralized Applications (dapps): dapps are applications built on the OONE blockchain that use smart contracts to perform various functions. These applications are decentralized, meaning that they are not controlled by a single entity or organization. Examples of dapps include decentralized exchanges, prediction markets, and gaming platforms.

* Tokens: Tokens are digital assets that can represent anything from a unit of currency to a virtual asset. Tokens are created on the OONE network through smart contracts and can be used in various ways, such as voting, accessing services, and representing ownership.

* Staking is an alternative to mining that involves validators locking up a certain amount of OONE to participate in network consensus and earn rewards. It provides a more energy-efficient way for individuals to contribute to the OONE economy.

### Price Creation and Development
The price of the OONE token will be created based on market demand and supply, and will be subject to fluctuations over time. As with any investment, there is no guarantee of a return, and investors should carefully consider the risks before purchasing OONE tokens.
However, the OONE Foundation is committed to driving value for investors over the long term. We believe that by building a strong ecosystem around the OONE token, developing useful products, addressing important issues such as carbon emissions, and expanding the use cases for the OONE blockchain, we can increase the demand for OONE tokens and drive up the price.
In the short term, the price of the OONE coin may be affected by factors such as market sentiment, overall market conditions, and news and events related to the OONE ecosystem. The Private Seed Round will provide an opportunity for investors to purchase OONE tokens at a fixed price, but the price of the token will be subject to market forces once it is listed on an exchange.
In the medium term, we plan to expand the use cases for the OONE blockchain and the OONE token, and explore new areas of innovation. This could include areas such as decentralized finance (DeFi), supply chain management, and more. By expanding the use cases for the OONE token, we can increase the demand for the token and drive up the price.
In the long term, our goal is to create a truly decentralized and sustainable ecosystem that benefits all participants. By providing a platform for individuals and organizations to easily track and offset their carbon footprint, we can make a meaningful impact on climate change and increase the perceived value of the OONE token. We believe that our efforts to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainability will be a key driver of long-term demand for the OONE token.
Overall, the OONE Foundation believes that the OONE coin has the potential to increase in value over time, driven by market demand and the foundation's efforts to build a strong ecosystem, reduce carbon emissions, and address important issues. We invite potential investors to join us on this journey and become a part of the OONE ecosystem. With your support, we can drive innovation, address key challenges, and create a better future for all.

## Initial Supply
The initial total supply of OONE Chain (OONE) at mainnet will be 3 billion tokens. OONE will have 18 digits of precision as part of the fraction where the minimal unit is called a wei.


| Category | % of Initial Token Distribution | Initial Tokens |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Driver Rewards | 60% | 1,800,000,000 |
| Private Seed Round | 15% | 450,000,000 |
| Ecosystem Fund | 12% | 360,000,000 |
| Community and Marketing | 6% | 180,000,000|
| Team | 5% | 150,000,000 |
| Airdrop | 2% | 60,000,000 |

## Estimated token supply schedule


| Category | Lockup Period Months | Unlocking Period Months |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Driver Rewards | 0 | 240 |
| Private Seed Round | 16 | 28 |
| Ecosystem Fund | 6 | 80 |
| Community and Marketing | 0 | 72|
| Team | 18 | 60 |
| Airdrop | 0 | 48|

Each category is explained in more detail below.

### Drivers reward

Drivers reward: represents 60% of the total tokens, 1,800,000,000 coins, will be distributed to drivers who use the OONE World app. The distribution will be done through a reward mechanism for responsible and eco-friendly driving as recommended by the OONE World app. The rewards will be distributed for 20 years from the official release of the OONE World app, and a maximum of 7,648,421 coins can be distributed per month. Details of the reward mechanism will be announced on OONE World's official communication channels.

### Private Seed round
Private Seed round: The 15% of the total token supply, 450,000,000 coins, allocated for the private sale will be sold to strategic investors who share the vision and goals of the OONE World. The private sale will be conducted through a reputable platform, and the funds raised will be used to fund the development of the OONE ecosystem. This part of allocation will be distributed during 24 months with cliff period of 16 months from TGE.

### Ecosystem Fund

Ecosystem Fund: will receive 12% of the total tokens, 360,000,000 coins. The ecosystem service will use these tokens to fund developers and startups in the OONE Chain ecosystem, research and other related activities such as issuing environmental grants, developer grants, and reinvestment of funding. The ecosystem's operations will be transparent and its expenditures will be publicly disclosed on the OONE website. This portion of the allocation will be spread over 80 months with cliff period of 6 months from TGE.

### Community and Marketing

Community and Marketing: The 6% of the total token supply, 180,000,000 coins. These tokens will be used to fund ongoing marketing campaigns, ambassador programs, community support, promotionsб refferal perograms and other related activities such as community building and partnerships. This part of allocation will be distributed during 72 months from TGE with no cliff period.

### Team

Team: The 5% of the total token supply allocated for the team will be distributed among the OONE team members as compensation for their work on the project. The tokens will be subject to a vesting schedule to incentivize long-term commitment and alignment with the project's goals. This part of allocation will be distributed during 60 months with cliff period of 18 months from TGE.

### Airdrop

Airdrop: The 2% of the total token supply allocated for the rewards & airdrop will be distributed for free to the OONE community and interested parties. The distribution of tokens will be conducted through a third-party platform that specializes in airdrops or directly to users. The distribution will be done in a fair and transparent manner, and the OONE Chain community will be informed about the details of the airdrop through the OONE World's communication channels. This part of allocation will be distributed during 48 months from TGE with no cliff period.

## Anticipated token supply changes
* Token holders who stake their tokens to a validator operator for purposes of securing the network and achieving consensus may receive staking rewards
* Staking rewards are split between validators who participate in the network's proof-of-stake consensus mechanism.
* Transaction base fees are currently burned, and the priority fees are distributed to validators.
* Burning base fees decrease the total supply of the OONE Chain.

> Disclaimer: THIS IS NOT AN OFFERING OR THE SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO PURCHASE TOKENS. THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS HYPOTHETICAL, FORWARD-LOOKING AND/OR PROJECTED FIGURES WHICH ARE NOT GUARANTEED; ACTUAL NUMBERS MAY VARY. OONE MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE COMPLETENESS OR ACCURACY OF THIS PRESENTATION AND IT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

# OONE Chain - innovative blockchain

OONE Chain designed to revolutionize the transportation industry by promoting sustainable mobility and enhancing fleet management systems. By leveraging the power of distributed ledger technology, OONE Chain provides a secure and transparent ecosystem that enables efficient operations, incentivizes eco-friendly driving practices, and facilitates seamless transactions through its native cryptocurrency, OONE Coin. With a suite of interconnected products, including OONE Fleet, OONE Drive, OONE Wallet, and OONE Coin, the OONE Chain platform offers a comprehensive solution to streamline fleet management, reward responsible driving behavior, and facilitate frictionless financial transactions.

## Proof of Stake

Proof-of-stake underlies certain consensus mechanisms used by blockchains to achieve distributed consensus. In proof-of-work, miners prove they have capital at risk by expending energy. OONE Chain uses proof-of-stake, where validators explicitly stake capital in the form of OONE into a smart contract on OONE Chain. This staked OONE then acts as collateral that can be destroyed if the validator behaves dishonestly or lazily. The validator is then responsible for checking that new blocks propagated over the network are valid and occasionally creating and propagating new blocks themselves.

Proof-of-stake comes with a number of improvements to the now-deprecated proof-of-work system:

1. better energy efficiency -- there is no need to use lots of energy on proof-of-work computations

2. lower barriers to entry, reduced hardware requirements -- there is no need for elite hardware to stand a chance of creating new blocks

3. reduced centralization risk -- proof-of-stake should lead to more nodes securing the network

4. because of the low energy requirement less OONE issuance is required to incentivize participation

5. economic penalties for misbehavior make 51% style attacks exponentially more costly for an attacker compared to proof-of-work

6. the community can resort to social recovery of an honest chain if a 51% attack were to overcome the crypto-economic defenses.

## Validators

A user who wants to be a validator needs to deposit 20000 OONE into the deposit contract and run three different software components: an execution client, a consensus client, and a validator. The user enters an activation queue that controls how many new validators can join the network at a time. After being activated, validators get new blocks from other nodes on the OONE Chain network. They re-run the transactions in the block and verify the block signature to make sure the block is valid. Then they send a vote (called an attestation) for that block to the rest of the network.

In proof-of-work, the block timing depends on the mining difficulty, but in proof-of-stake, the timing is fixed. Time in proof-of-stake OONE Chain is split into slots (12 seconds) and epochs (32 slots). One validator is randomly picked to be a block proposer in each slot. This validator has to create a new block and broadcast it to other nodes on the network. Also in each slot, a committee of validators is randomly selected, whose votes are used to decide if the block being proposed is valid.

## How transaction gets executed IN OONE Chain POS

This is how a transaction gets executed in OONE Chain proof-of-stake from start to finish.

A user makes and signs a transaction with their private key. They usually use a wallet or a library like ether.js, web3js, web3py and etc. but they are actually making a request to a node using the OONE Chain JSON-RPC API. The user sets the amount of gas they are willing to pay as a tip to a validator to motivate them to include the transaction in a block. The tips go to the validator while the base fee gets burned. The transaction is sent to an OONE Chain execution client which checks its validity. This means making sure that the sender has enough OONE to do the transaction and they have used the right key to sign it. If the transaction is valid, the execution client puts it in its local mempool (list of pending transactions) and also shares it with other nodes over the execution layer gossip network. When other nodes get the transaction they put it in their local mempool too. One of the nodes on the network is the block proposer for the current slot, having been chosen pseudo-randomly using RANDAO before. This node has to build and broadcast the next block to be added to the OONE Chain blockchain and update the global state. The node has three parts: an execution client, a consensus client and a validator client. The execution client takes transactions from the local mempool and makes an "execution payload" and executes them locally to produce a state change. This information goes to the consensus client where the execution payload is part of a "beacon block" that also has information about rewards, penalties, lashings, attestations etc. that help the network agree on the order of blocks at the head of the chain. Other nodes get the new beacon block on the consensus layer gossip network. They pass it to their execution client where the transactions are re-executed locally to make sure the proposed state change is valid. The validator client then votes that the block is valid and is the next logical block in their view of the chain (meaning it builds on the chain with the most weight of attestations as defined
in the fork choice rules). The block is added to the local database in each node that votes for it. The transaction can be "finalized", i.e., that it cannot be changed, if it is part of a chain with a "supermajority link" between two checkpoints. Checkpoints happen at the start of each epoch and to have a supermajority link they must both be voted for by 66% of the total staked OONE on the network.

## Finality

A transaction has \"finality\" in distributed networks when its part of a block that can't change without a significant amount of OONE getting burned. On proof-of-stake OONE Chain, this is managed using \"checkpoint\" blocks. The first block in each epoch is a checkpoint. Validators vote for pairs of checkpoints that it considers to be valid. If a pair of checkpoints attracts votes representing at least two-thirds of the total staked OONE, the checkpoints are upgraded. The more recent of the two (target) becomes \"justified\". The earlier of the two is already justified because it was the \"target\" in the previous epoch. Now it is upgraded to \"finalized\". To revert a finalized block, an attacker would commit to losing at least one-third of the total supply of staked OONE. The exact reason for this is explained in this
OONE Chain Foundation blog post. Since finality requires a two-thirds majority, an attacker could prevent the network from reaching finality by voting with one-third of the total stake. There is a mechanism to defend against this: the inactivity leak. This activates whenever the chain fails to finalize for more than four epochs. The inactivity leak bleeds away the staked OONE from validators voting against the majority, allowing the majority to regain a two-thirds majority and finalize the chain.

## Crypto-economic security

Running a validator is a commitment. The validator is expected to
maintain sufficient hardware and connectivity to participate in block validation and proposal. In return, the validator is paid in OONE (their staked balance increases). On the other hand, participating as a validator also opens new avenues for users to attack the network for personal gain or sabotage. To prevent this, validators miss out on OONE rewards if they fail to participate when called upon, and their existing stake can be destroyed if they behave dishonestly. There are two primary behaviors that can be considered dishonest: proposing multiple blocks in a single slot (equivocating) and submitting contradictory attestations. The amount of OONE slashed depends on how many validators are also being slashed at around the same time. This is known as the \"correlation penalty\", and it can be minor ( 1% stake for a single validator slashed on their own) or can result in 100% of the validator's stake getting destroyed (mass slashing event). It is imposed halfway through a forced exit period that begins with an immediate penalty (up to 0.5 OONE) on Day 1, the correlation penalty on Day 18, and finally, ejection from the network on Day 36. They receive minor attestation penalties every day because they are present on the network but not submitting votes. This all means a coordinated attack would be very costly for the attacker.

## Fork choice

When the network performs optimally and honestly, there is only ever one new block at the head of the chain, and all validators attest to it. However, it is possible for validators to have different views of the head of the chain due to network latency or because a block proposer has equivocated. Therefore, consensus clients require an algorithm to decide which one to favor. The algorithm used in proof-of-stake OONE Chain is called LMD-GHOST, and it works by identifying the fork that has the greatest weight of attestations in its history.

## Proof-of-Stake and security

The threat of a 51% attack still exists on proof-of-stake as it does on proof-of-work, but it's even riskier for the attackers. An attacker would need 51%t of the staked OONE. They could then use their own attestations to ensure their preferred fork was the one with the most accumulated attestations. The 'weight' of accumulated attestations is what consensus clients use to determine the correct chain, so this attacker would be able to make their fork the canonical one. However, a strength of proof-of-stake over proof-of-work is that the community has flexibility in mounting a counter-attack. For example, the honest validators could decide to keep building on the minority chain and ignore the attacker's fork while encouraging apps, exchanges, and pools to do the same. They could also decide to forcibly remove the attacker from the network and destroy their staked OONE. These are strong economic defenses against a 51% attack. 51% attacks are just one flavor of malicious activity. Bad actors could attempt long-range attacks (although the finality gadget neutralizes this attack vector), short range 'reorgs' (although proposer boosting and attestation deadlines mitigate this), bouncing and balancing attacks (also mitigated by proposer boosting, and these attacks have anyway only been demonstrated under idealized network conditions) or avalanche attacks (neutralized by the fork choice algorithms rule of only considering the latest message).

Overall, proof-of-stake, as it is implemented on OONE Chain, has been demonstrated to be more economically secure than proof-of-work.

| Pros | Cons |
| -------- | -------- |
| Staking makes it easier for individuals to participate in securing the network, promoting decentralization. A validator node can be run on a normal laptop.Staking pools allow users to stake without having 20000 OONE. | Proof-of-stake is younger and less battle-tested compared to proof-of-work |
| Staking is more decentralized. Economies of scale do not apply in the same way that they do for PoW mining. | Proof-of-stake is more complex to implement than proof-of-work |
| Proof-of-stake offers greater crypto-economic security than proof-of-work | Users need to run three pieces of software to participate in proof-of-stake. |
| Less issuance of new OONE is required to incentivize network participants | |

# OONE Chain Accounts

In OONE Chain, the state is made up of objects called \"accounts\", with each account having a 20-byte address and state transitions being direct transfers of value and information between accounts. An OONE Chain account contains four fields:

- The nonce, a counter used to make sure each transaction can only be processed once
- The account's current OONE balance
- The account's contract code, if present
- The account's storage (empty by default)

\"OONE\" is the main internal crypto-fuel of OONE Chain, and is used to pay transaction fees. In general, there are two types of accounts: externally owned accounts, controlled by private keys, and contract accounts, controlled by their contract code. An externally owned account has no code, and one can send messages from an externally owned account by creating and signing a transaction; in a contract account, every time the contract account receives a message its code activates, allowing it to read and write to internal storage and send other messages or create contracts in turn.

Note that \"contracts\" in OONE Chain should not be seen as something that should be \"fulfilled\" or \"complied with\"; rather, they are more like \"autonomous agents\" that live inside of the OONE Chain execution environment, always executing a specific piece of code when \"poked\" by a message or transaction, and having direct control over their own OONE balance and their own key/value store to keep track of persistent variables.

# Transactions

An OONE Chain transaction refers to an action initiated by an externally-owned account, in other words an account managed by a human, not a contract.

Transactions, which change the state of the Virtual Machine (VM), need to be broadcast to the whole network. Any node can broadcast a request for a transaction to be executed on the VM; after this happens, a validator will execute the transaction and propagate the resulting state change to the rest of the network.

Transactions require a fee and must be included in a validated block. To make this overview simpler we'll cover gas fees and validation elsewhere.

A submitted transaction includes the following information:

- *from* -- the address of the sender, that will be signing the
transaction. This will be an externally-owned account as contract accounts cannot send transactions.

- recipient -- the receiving address (if an externally-owned account, the transaction will transfer value. If a contract account, the transaction will execute the contract code)

- *signature* -- the identifier of the sender. This is generated when the sender's private key signs the transaction and confirms the sender has authorized this transaction

- nonce - a sequentially incrementing counter which indicates the transaction number from the account

- *value* -- amount of OONE to transfer from sender to recipient (denominated in WEI, where 1 OONE equals 1e+18wei)

- *data* -- optional field to include arbitrary data

- *gasLimit* -- the maximum amount of gas units that can be consumed by the transaction. The VM specifies the units of gas required by each computational step

- *maxPriorityFeePerGas* - the maximum price of the consumed gas to be included as a tip to the validator

- *maxFeePerGas* - the maximum fee per unit of gas willing to be paid for the transaction (inclusive of baseFeePerGas and maxPriorityFeePerGas) Gas is a reference to the computation required to process the transaction by a validator. Users have to pay a fee for this computation. The gasLimit, and maxPriorityFeePerGas* determine the maximum transaction fee paid to the validator.

## Types of transactions

On OONE Chain there are a few different types of transactions:

- Regular transactions: a transaction from one account to another.

- Contract deployment transactions: a transaction without a 'to' address, where the data field is used for the contract code.

- Execution of a contract: a transaction that interacts with a deployed smart contract. In this case, 'to' address is the smart contract address.

## Transactions lifecycle

Once the transaction has been submitted the following happens:

1. A transaction hash is cryptographically generated: 0x97d99bc772\...7538ff017

2. The transaction is then broadcasted to the network and added to a transaction pool consisting of all other pending network transactions.

3. A validator must pick your transaction and include it in a block in order to verify the transaction and consider it "successful\".

4. As time passes the block containing your transaction will be upgraded to \"justified\" then \"finalized\". These upgrades make it much more certain that your transaction was successful and will never be altered. Once a block is \"finalized\" it could only ever be changed by a network level attack that would cost many billions of dollars.

# Messages

Contracts have the ability to send \"messages\" to other contracts.
Messages are virtual objects that are never serialized and exist only in the OONE Chain execution environment. A message contains:

- The sender of the message (implicit)

- The recipient of the message

- The amount of OONE to transfer alongside the message

- An optional data field

- A STARTGAS value

Essentially, a message is like a transaction, except it is produced by a contract and not an external actor. A message is produced when a contract currently executing code executes the CALL opcode, which produces and executes a message. Like a transaction, a message leads to the recipient account running its code. Thus, contracts can have relationships with other contracts in exactly the same way that external actors can.

Note that the gas allowance assigned by a transaction or contract applies to the total gas consumed by that transaction and all sub-executions. For example, if an external actor A sends a transaction to B with 1000 gas, and B consumes 600 gas before sending a message to C, and the internal execution of C consumes 300 gas before returning, then B can spend another 100 gas before running out of gas.

# Blocks

Blocks are batches of transactions with a hash of the previous block in the chain. This links blocks together (in a chain) because hashes are cryptographically derived from the block data. This prevents fraud, because one change in any block in history would invalidate all the following blocks as all subsequent hashes would change and everyone running the blockchain would notice

To ensure that all participants on the OONE Chain network maintain a synchronized state and agree on the precise history of transactions, we batch transactions into blocks. This means dozens (or hundreds) of transactions are committed, agreed on, and synchronized all at once.


By spacing out commits, we give all network participants enough time to come to consensus: even though transaction requests occur dozens of times per second, blocks are only created and committed on OONE Chain once every twelve seconds

## How do blocks work?

To preserve the transaction history, blocks are strictly ordered (every new block created contains a reference to its parent block), and transactions within blocks are strictly ordered as well. Except in rare cases, at any given time, all participants on the network are in agreement on the exact number and history of blocks, and are working to batch the current live transaction requests into the next block.

Once a block is put together by a randomly selected validator on the network, it is propagated to the rest of the network; all nodes add this block to the end of their blockchain, and a new validator is selected to create the next block. The exact block-assembly process and commitment/consensus process is currently specified by OONE Chain's "proof-of-stake" protocol.

In the context of Proof-of-stake it means the following:

- Validating nodes have to stake 20000 OONE into a deposit contract as collateral against bad behavior. This helps protect the network because provably dishonest activity leads to some or all of that stake being destroyed.
- In every slot (spaced twelve seconds apart) a validator is randomly selected to be the block proposer. They bundle transactions together, execute them and determine a new 'state'. They wrap this information into a block and pass it around to other validators.
- Other validators who hear about the new block re-execute the
transactions to ensure they agree with the proposed change to the global state. Assuming the block is valid, they add it to their own database.
- If a validator hears about two conflicting blocks for the same slot they use their fork-choice algorithm to pick the one supported by the most staked OONE.

## Block Time

Block time refers to the time separating blocks. In OONE Chain, time is divided up into twelve second units called 'slots'. In each slot a single validator is selected to propose a block. Assuming all validators are online and fully functional there will be a block in every slot, meaning the block time is 12s. However, occasionally validators might be offline when called to propose a block, meaning slots can sometimes go empty.

This implementation differs from proof-of-work based systems where block times are probabilistic and tuned by the protocol's target mining difficulty. OONE Chain's average block time is a perfect example of this whereby the transition from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake can be clearly inferred based on the consistency of the new 12s block time.

## Block Size

A final important note is that blocks themselves are bounded in size. Each block has a target size of 15 million gas but the size of blocks will increase or decrease in accordance with network demands, up until the block limit of 30 million gas (2x target block size). The total amount of gas expended by all transactions in the block must be less than the block gas limit. This is important because it ensures that blocks can't be arbitrarily large. If blocks could be arbitrarily large, then less performant full nodes would gradually stop being able to keep up with the network due to space and speed requirements. The larger the block, the greater the computing power required to process them in time for the next slot. This is a dentralizing force, which is resisted by capping block sizes.

# Virtual machine (VM)

The Virtual Machine (VM) is a key component of the OONE blockchain platform. It is a Turing-complete virtual machine that executes smart contracts and runs decentralized applications (DApps).

The VM is designed to be an isolated and secure environment for
executing code on the OONE Chain network. It enables developers to write smart contracts using high-level programming languages such as Solidity and compile them into bytecode that can be executed by the VM.

The VM operates on a consensus algorithm Proof of Stake (PoS), where network participants called validators propose and validate blocks of transactions. Each validator runs an instance of the VM to execute and validate the smart contracts included in the blocks they propose.

The VM has its own instruction set and maintains its own stack-based memory. It supports various operations, including arithmetic, bitwise operations, cryptographic functions, and interaction with other smart contracts and the OONE Chain network. Gas, a unit of computational effort, is used to measure and allocate resources in the VM.

One of the significant features of the VM is its ability to execute smart contracts deterministically, meaning that given the same inputs, the execution will always produce the same outputs. This determinism is crucial for maintaining consistency and consensus on the OONE Chain network.

The architecture of the Virtual Machine (VM) consists of several key components that work together to execute smart contracts and maintain the state of the OONE Chain network. Here are the main components of the VM architecture:

- Stack: The VM uses a stack-based architecture, where instructions operate on values stored on top of a stack. The stack holds data elements such as numbers, addresses, and booleans. Instructions can push values onto the stack, pop values from the stack, and perform operations on the values.

- Memory: The VM has its own memory space, which is a byte array that can be dynamically allocated during contract execution. Smart contracts can read from and write to this memory. The memory is used for temporary storage and can be resized as needed.

- Storage: Each smart contract deployed on the OONE Chain network has its own persistent storage, which is a key-value store. The storage is used to persist data across contract invocations. Contract state variables are stored in this storage, and their values can be read from or written to during contract execution.

- Program Counter: The VM uses a program counter (PC) to keep track of the currently executing instruction. The PC points to the next instruction to be executed. As each instruction is executed, the PC is updated to point to the next instruction in the bytecode.

- Gas: Gas is a crucial concept in the VM architecture. Each VM instruction has a gas cost associated with it, which represents the amount of computational effort required to execute the instruction. The gas cost is used to allocate resources and prevent abuse. The gas mechanism also acts as a fee system, where users pay for their computations in the form of gas. Gas limits are set for transactions and contract executions to cap the amount of gas that can be consumed.

- Dispatcher: The dispatcher is responsible for fetching and decoding the next instruction from the bytecode. It retrieves the instruction pointed to by the program counter and passes it to the instruction executor.

- Instruction Executor: The instruction executor is the component that performs the actual execution of each instruction. It takes the decoded instruction, processes it, and performs the required operations on the stack, memory, and storage.

- Environmental Information: The VM provides access to environmental information through a set of pre-defined variables and functions. This information includes block information (block number, timestamp, etc.), transaction data, caller information, and more. Smart contracts can access this information during execution to make decisions and interact with the OONE Chain network.

- Validators and Consensus: Validators in the OONE Chain network use instances of the VM to execute and validate smart contracts. They propose and validate blocks of transactions, including the execution of smart contracts. Consensus algorithms, such as Proof of Stake (PoS), ensure that validators agree on the state changes produced by the execution of smart contracts.

In summary, the Virtual Machine (VM) is a stack-based virtual machine that executes bytecode representing smart contracts. It employs gas to allocate resources and prevent abuse, ensures deterministic execution, handles memory and storage, enables inter-contract communication, and plays a crucial role in validating and executing smart contracts within the OONE Chain network.

# OONE gas and fees

OONE gas is essential to the OONE Chain network. It is the fuel that allows it to operate, in the same way that a car needs gasoline to run.

## What is OONE gas?

OONE gas refers to the unit that measures the amount of computational effort required to execute specific operations on the OONE Chain network. Since each OONE Chain transaction requires computational resources to execute, each transaction requires a fee. Gas refers to the fee required to execute a transaction on OONE Chain, regardless of transaction success or failure.

Gas fees are paid in OONE Chain's native currency, OONE. Gas prices are denoted in gwei, which itself is a denomination of OONE - each gwei is equal to 0.000000001 OONE (10 -9 OONE). For example, instead of saying that your gas costs 0.000000001 OONE, you can say your gas costs 1 gwei.

## How are OONE gas fees calculated?

Let's say Jordan has to pay Taylor 1 OONE. In the transaction, the gas limit is 21,000 units and the base fee is 110 gwei. Jordan includes a tip of 2 gwei. The total fee would now be:

units of gas used \* (base fee + priority fee)

where the base fee is a value set by the protocol and the priority fee is a value set by the user as a tip to the validator.

i.e 21,000 \* (110 + 2) = 2,352,000 gwei or 0.002352 OONE.

When Jordan sends the money, 1.000252 OONE will be deducted from Jordan's account. Taylor will be credited 1.0000 OONE. Validator receives the tip of 0.000042 OONE. Base fee of 0.00231 OONE is burned.

Additionally, Jordan can also set a max fee ( maxFeePerGas) for the transaction. The difference between the max fee and the actual fee is refunded to Jordan, i.e.

refund = max fee - (base fee + priority fee).

Jordan can set a maximum amount to pay for the transaction to execute and not worry about overpaying "beyond" the base fee when the transaction is executed.

Why are OONE gas fees important?

OONE gas fees are important for several reasons:

- They ensure that transactions are processed by validators who secure the network and validate transactions.
- They prevent spam and malicious attacks on the network by making them costly and unprofitable.
- They provide an incentive for users to optimize their transactions and smart contracts to use less gas and reduce network congestion.
- They adjust dynamically according to network demand and supply, creating a market-based mechanism for price discovery.
- They allow users to prioritize their transactions by paying higher tips to validators.

## Base fee

Every block has a base fee which acts as a reserve price. To be eligible for inclusion in a block the offered price per gas must at least equal the base fee. The base fee is calculated independently of the current block and is instead determined by the blocks before it - making transaction fees more predictable for users. When the block is mined this base fee is \"burned\", removing it from circulation.

The base fee is calculated by a formula that compares the size of the previous block (the amount of gas used for all the transactions) with the target size. The base fee will increase by a maximum of 12.5% per block if the target block size is exceeded. This exponential growth makes it economically non-viable for block size to remain high indefinitely.

| Block Number | Included Gas | Fee Increase | Current Base Fee|
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| 1 | 15M | 0% | 110 gwei |
| 2 | 30M | 0% | 110 gwei |
| 3 | 30M | 12.5% | 123.7 gwei |
| 4 | 30M | 12.5% | 139.2 gwei |
| 5 | 30M | 12.5% | 156.6 gwei |
| 6 | 30M | 12.5% | 176.2 gwei |
| 7 | 30M | 12.5% | 198.2 gwei |
| 8 | 30M | 12.5% | 223 gwei |

Relative to the pre-London gas auction market, this
transaction-fee-mechanism change causes fee prediction to be more reliable. Following the table above - to create a transaction on block number 9, a wallet will let the user know with certainty that the maximum base fee to be added to the next block is current base fee \*12.5% or 198.2 gwei \* 12.5% = 223 gwei.

It's also important to note it is unlikely we will see extended spikes of full blocks because of the speed at which the base fee increases proceeding a full block.

| Block Number | Included Gas | Fee Increase | Current Base Fee|
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| 30 | 15M | 12.5% | 2705.6 gwei |
| ... | ... | 12.5% | ... |
| 50 | 30M | 12.5% | 28531.3 gwei |
| ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 100 | 30M | 12.5% | 10302608.6 gwei |

## Priority fee (tips)

Before the London Upgrade, miners would receive the total gas fee from any transaction included in a block.

With the new base fee getting burned, the London Upgrade introduced a priority fee (tip) to incentivize miners to include a transaction in the block. Without tips, miners would find it economically viable to min empty blocks, as they would receive the same block reward. Under normal conditions, a small tip provides miners a minimal incentive to include a transaction. For transactions that need to get preferentially executed ahead of other transactions in the same block, a higher tip will be
necessary to attempt to outbid competing transactions.

## Max fee

To execute a transaction on the network, users can specify a maximum limit they are willing to pay for their transaction to be executed. This optional parameter is known as the maxFeePerGas. For a transaction to be executed, the max fee must exceed the sum of the base fee and the tip.
The transaction sender is refunded the difference between the max fee and the sum of the base fee and tip

# Scaling

OONE Chain is a decentralized platform that enables smart contracts and decentralized applications. However, as the number of users and transactions on OONE Chain grows, the network faces certain capacity limitations. This drives up the cost of using the network, creating the need for scaling solutions.

Scaling solutions are platforms specifically designed to improve
transaction execution on OONE Chain. They use different mechanisms to increase network throughput, speed and efficiency, without sacrificing decentralization or security.

There are two main types of scaling solutions: on-chain and off-chain.

On-chain scaling solutions require changes to the OONE Chain protocol (layer 1). They aim to optimize the existing network by increasing the block size, reducing the block time, or improving the consensus algorithm. However, on-chain scaling solutions have trade-offs, such as increased centralization risk, lower security guarantees, or reduced compatibility with existing applications.

Off-chain scaling solutions are implemented separately from layer 1. They leverage layer 2 technologies, such as rollups, sidechains, or state channels, to process transactions off the main chain and only submit the final results to layer 1. Off-chain scaling solutions can achieve higher scalability, lower costs, and faster finality, while relying on layer 1 for security and arbitration.

One of the most promising off-chain scaling solutions for OONE Chain is rollups. Rollups are layer 2 protocols that batch transactions together off-chain, execute them using a virtual machine compatible with OONE Chain, and send the output to layer 1. Rollups can reduce the data storage and computation requirements on layer 1, resulting in lower fees and higher throughput for users.

There are two types of rollups: optimistic rollups and zero-knowledge rollups. Optimistic rollups assume that transactions are valid by default and only verify them in case of a dispute. Zero-knowledge rollups use cryptographic proofs to verify transactions without revealing their details. Both types of rollups have their advantages and disadvantages, such as different levels of security, efficiency, and compatibility.

OONE Chain is actively working on supporting rollups as a scaling solution. The upcoming changes to OONE Chain will provide more data availability and cheaper data storage for rollups, enabling them to scale up by orders of magnitude. OONE Chain also plans to implement sharding in the future, which will split the network into discrete pieces (shards) to be verified by subsets of validators. Sharding will further increase the capacity and performance of OONE Chain and its layer 2 solutions.


By adopting scaling solutions such as rollups and sharding, OONE Chain aims to achieve its vision of becoming a global platform for decentralized applications that can serve millions of users with low costs, high speed, and high security.

# Conclusion

OONE Chain is a next-generation smart contract and decentralized
application platform that aims to provide a global infrastructure for innovation and collaboration. By leveraging the power of blockchain technology and Turing-complete programming language, OONE Chain enables users to create and deploy any kind of decentralized application, from digital currencies and financial instruments to social networks and
gaming platforms.

OONE Chain is designed to be scalable, secure, and flexible, allowing for the development of diverse and complex applications that can serve millions of users with low costs, high speed, and high security. OONE Chain also supports interoperability and compatibility with other blockchain platforms, as well as integration with existing web technologies and services.

OONE Chain is more than just a technology platform. It is also a vision of a more open, fair, and inclusive world, where anyone can participate in the creation and governance of decentralized applications that can benefit humanity as a whole. OONE Chain is not only a smart contract revolution, but also a social and economic revolution.

# Bibliography
8 ETHEREUM ACCOUNTS\
` https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/accounts`

TRANSACTIONS\
` https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions`

BLOCKS\
` https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/blocks`

ETHEREUM VIRTUAL MACHINE (EVM)\
`https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/evm`

Ethereum Whitepaper\
`https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper`

Filecoin, proof of replication,\
`https://filecoin.io/proof-of-replication.pdf`

Slasher, A punative Proof of Stake algorithm\
`https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/01/15/slasher-a-punitive-proof-of-stake-algorithm`

A Developer's Guide To Ethereum Scaling Solutions\
`https://www.alchemy.com/overviews/ethereum-scaling-solutions`