# Wagenmakers et al.(2018) <br> 領讀摘要
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## 為何心理學家需要預先註冊?
- 避免QRP
- 認真對決理論罩門
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## 為何心理學家拒絕預先註冊?
- 阻礙創新
- 消滅意外發現的可能性
- 歡迎各位提供理由
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#### 討論Creativity-Verification Cycle能消除大部分拒絕的理由
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## 創見與驗證的循環模型

<small>CC-BY: Artwork by Viktor Beekman, concept by Eric-Jan Wagenmakers.</small>
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## [William Whewell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whewell)’s staircase
- 批判Francis Bacon過度強調**科學方法的邏輯**,抑制有價值的創見。
- **歸納**與**演繹**是提出可檢驗的科學假設進程。
- **歸納**(科學進程的昇階):由許多事實獲得靈光一閃的見解。
- **演繹**(科學進程的降階):步步為營的求證。<small>(Karl Popper[《科學發現的邏輯》](http://www.angelibrary.com/philosophy/dale/sciencelogic/)亦如是說)</small>
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## [Charles Peirce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce)’s rules
- 實用主義中心思想:如何獲得與評價支持假設的證據
- 驗證法則:
1. 假設的預測需由科學實驗證實(演繹 ~ 預先註冊)
2. 各種預測結果必須有隨機性(歸納 ~ [Paul Meehl](http://meehl.umn.edu/)'s severe test)
3. 平等看待成功與失敗的預測,成為改進假設的創見基礎(推論)
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## 迷你課程:verisimilitude and severity
### 理論逼真性與失準度
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### 理論逼真性(verisimilitude/truthlikeness)
Karl Popper
Imre Lakatos
Paul Meehl ~ [Meehl & Waller(2002)](http://meehl.umn.edu/sites/meehl.dl.umn.edu/files/177pathanalysismw2002.pdf); [Waller & Meehl(2002)](http://meehl.umn.edu/sites/meehl.dl.umn.edu/files/178pathanalysiswm2002.pdf)
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### 方法失準度(severity)
Paul Meehl ~ [Meehl(1993)](http://meehl.umn.edu/sites/meehl.dl.umn.edu/files/157helphindrance.pdf)
Deborah Mayo ~ [Mayo(2018)](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/statistical-inference-as-severe-testing/D9DF409EF568090F3F60407FF2B973B2)
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### Mayo's Severity Requirement (Weak)
> One does not have evidence for a claim if nothing has been done to rule out ways the claim may be false. If `data x` agree with a `claim C` but the method used is practically guaranteed to find such agreement, and had little or no capability of finding flaws with `C` even if they exist, then we have bad evidence, no test (BENT).
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### [Daniel Lakens](http://daniellakens.blogspot.com/2017/06/verisimilitude-belief-and-progress-in.html)
- 科學實在論立場:
- (1)能提昇失準度評估方法的理論有越高的逼真性
- (2)有效評估失準度的方法能確認理論的預測結果
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### [Daniel Lakens](http://daniellakens.blogspot.com/2017/06/verisimilitude-belief-and-progress-in.html)
- 為何Neyman-Pearson假設檢定是能有效評估失準度的方法
- 可控制偽陽風險:結果不支持預測成立,卻誤判為預測成立的風險
- 可控制偽陰風險:結果支持預測成立,卻誤判為預測不成立的風險
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### [Iris van Rooij](https://psyarxiv.com/7qbpr/)
|van Rooij's terms| Verbal <-> Formal |
|---|:---:|
|Marr's terms| Physical level <-> Algorithmic level <-> Computational-level |
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### [Iris van Rooij](https://psyarxiv.com/7qbpr/)

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## 個人近期研究經驗分享

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## 個人近期研究經驗分享
- [Chen, de Koning, and Zwaan (2020)](https://curatescience.org/app/article/536): 中文與英文有效應,但中文更強。
- [PSA 002](https://psyarxiv.com/t2pjv/): 目前只有亞洲語言(中文、泰文)發現較明顯的效應。
- Verbal theory; Severity was weak
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## 個人近期研究經驗分享
- 分類詞的功能(Her, Chen, & Yen, 2017; Her, 2012; Her, Chen, & Yen, 2018)
- 一“支”鉛筆
- 一"雙"筷子
- <small> 有分類詞的語言才有方向效應 -> 分類詞詞彙量可能調節方向效應 </small>
- Verbal -> Formal; Improve the severity of test
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## 延伸閱讀
Lakens, D. (2019). [The Value of Preregistration for Psychological Science: A Conceptual Analysis.](https://psyarxiv.com/jbh4w/) Japanese Psychological Review, 62(3), 221–230.
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## 歡迎大家討論
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