# Wagenmakers et al.(2018) <br> 領讀摘要 --- ## 為何心理學家需要預先註冊? - 避免QRP - 認真對決理論罩門 --- ## 為何心理學家拒絕預先註冊? - 阻礙創新 - 消滅意外發現的可能性 - 歡迎各位提供理由 --- #### 討論Creativity-Verification Cycle能消除大部分拒絕的理由 --- ## 創見與驗證的循環模型 ![](https://journals.sagepub.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/sage/journals/content/ppsa/2018/ppsa_13_4/1745691618771357/20180618/images/large/10.1177_1745691618771357-fig6.jpeg =600x) <small>CC-BY: Artwork by Viktor Beekman, concept by Eric-Jan Wagenmakers.</small> --- ## [William Whewell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whewell)’s staircase - 批判Francis Bacon過度強調**科學方法的邏輯**,抑制有價值的創見。 - **歸納**與**演繹**是提出可檢驗的科學假設進程。 - **歸納**(科學進程的昇階):由許多事實獲得靈光一閃的見解。 - **演繹**(科學進程的降階):步步為營的求證。<small>(Karl Popper[《科學發現的邏輯》](http://www.angelibrary.com/philosophy/dale/sciencelogic/)亦如是說)</small> --- ## [Charles Peirce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce)’s rules - 實用主義中心思想:如何獲得與評價支持假設的證據 - 驗證法則: 1. 假設的預測需由科學實驗證實(演繹 ~ 預先註冊) 2. 各種預測結果必須有隨機性(歸納 ~ [Paul Meehl](http://meehl.umn.edu/)'s severe test) 3. 平等看待成功與失敗的預測,成為改進假設的創見基礎(推論) --- ## 迷你課程:verisimilitude and severity ### 理論逼真性與失準度 ---- ### 理論逼真性(verisimilitude/truthlikeness) Karl Popper Imre Lakatos Paul Meehl ~ [Meehl & Waller(2002)](http://meehl.umn.edu/sites/meehl.dl.umn.edu/files/177pathanalysismw2002.pdf); [Waller & Meehl(2002)](http://meehl.umn.edu/sites/meehl.dl.umn.edu/files/178pathanalysiswm2002.pdf) ---- ### 方法失準度(severity) Paul Meehl ~ [Meehl(1993)](http://meehl.umn.edu/sites/meehl.dl.umn.edu/files/157helphindrance.pdf) Deborah Mayo ~ [Mayo(2018)](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/statistical-inference-as-severe-testing/D9DF409EF568090F3F60407FF2B973B2) ---- ### Mayo's Severity Requirement (Weak) > One does not have evidence for a claim if nothing has been done to rule out ways the claim may be false. If `data x` agree with a `claim C` but the method used is practically guaranteed to find such agreement, and had little or no capability of finding flaws with `C` even if they exist, then we have bad evidence, no test (BENT). ---- ### [Daniel Lakens](http://daniellakens.blogspot.com/2017/06/verisimilitude-belief-and-progress-in.html) - 科學實在論立場: - (1)能提昇失準度評估方法的理論有越高的逼真性 - (2)有效評估失準度的方法能確認理論的預測結果 ---- ### [Daniel Lakens](http://daniellakens.blogspot.com/2017/06/verisimilitude-belief-and-progress-in.html) - 為何Neyman-Pearson假設檢定是能有效評估失準度的方法 - 可控制偽陽風險:結果不支持預測成立,卻誤判為預測成立的風險 - 可控制偽陰風險:結果支持預測成立,卻誤判為預測不成立的風險 ---- ### [Iris van Rooij](https://psyarxiv.com/7qbpr/) |van Rooij's terms| Verbal <-> Formal | |---|:---:| |Marr's terms| Physical level <-> Algorithmic level <-> Computational-level | ---- ### [Iris van Rooij](https://psyarxiv.com/7qbpr/) ![](https://i.imgur.com/iVn1yGt.png) ---- ## 個人近期研究經驗分享 ![](https://i.imgur.com/vNZ9Its.png) ---- ## 個人近期研究經驗分享 - [Chen, de Koning, and Zwaan (2020)](https://curatescience.org/app/article/536): 中文與英文有效應,但中文更強。 - [PSA 002](https://psyarxiv.com/t2pjv/): 目前只有亞洲語言(中文、泰文)發現較明顯的效應。 - Verbal theory; Severity was weak ---- ## 個人近期研究經驗分享 - 分類詞的功能(Her, Chen, & Yen, 2017; Her, 2012; Her, Chen, & Yen, 2018) - 一“支”鉛筆 - 一"雙"筷子 - <small> 有分類詞的語言才有方向效應 -> 分類詞詞彙量可能調節方向效應 </small> - Verbal -> Formal; Improve the severity of test --- ## 延伸閱讀 Lakens, D. (2019). [The Value of Preregistration for Psychological Science: A Conceptual Analysis.](https://psyarxiv.com/jbh4w/) Japanese Psychological Review, 62(3), 221–230. --- ## 歡迎大家討論
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