# 聊聊“莫頓規範”
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### Reference
Anderson, M. S., Martinson, B. C., & De Vries, R. (2007). Normative Dissonance in Science: Results from a National Survey of U.S. Scientists. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 2(4), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2007.2.4.3
Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., DeVries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian Norms: Scientists’ Subscription to Norms of Research. The Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095
Merton, R. K. (1942). A note on science and democracy. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology, 1, 115–126.
**Merton, Robert K. (1973). The normative structure of science. In Robert King Merton & N. W. Storer (Eds.), The sociology of science: Theoretical and empirical investigations (pp. 267–278). University of Chicago Press.** https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=e34b4c41-4e36-e711-80c9-005056af4099
cyl 網上找到的一些中文參考資源:
林鳳營 X 泛科學爭議:一些STS觀點的思考 ~ STS多重奏
http://stssonata.blogspot.com/2016/06/x-sts.html
默顿与科学社会学——科学社会学在美国的发展回顾与展望
http://www.xml-data.org/KXYSH/html/43177cf0-c862-4bea-b55f-70521471b9a8.htm
默顿规范研究_知网百科
https://xuewen.cnki.net/CMFD-2006161759.nh.html
对默顿科学规范结构的元规范解读-中国社会科学网
http://www.cssn.cn/zhx/zx_kxjszx/201310/t20131026_621477.shtml
莫顿科学社会规范的具体内容_三人行教育网_www.3rxing.org
https://www.3rxing.org/question/4d968b484c816541527.html
马来平论著选登:关于默顿科学规范的几个理论问题-儒学高等研究院
http://www.rxgdyjy.sdu.edu.cn/info/1023/2881.htm
对默顿科学规范结构的元规范解读
http://www.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com/Qk/art/506200?dbcode=1&flag=2
默顿规范_百度百科
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%BB%98%E9%A1%BF%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83
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Mertonian Norms - [Edward Miguel](http://emiguel.econ.berkeley.edu/) | RT2 DC (2019/10/17)
{%youtube v0FAgSJNVZo %}
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The black goat
<iframe title="Everybody Act Normal" src="https://www.podbean.com/media/player/audio/postId/12814384?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podbean.com%2Few%2Fpb-9dz47-c38830&version=1" width="100%" height="122" style="border:none;" scrolling="no" data-name="pd-iframe-player"></iframe>
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## Universlism

## Communality

## Disinterestedness

## Organized Skepticism

## Ethos of scientific researches
- Openness
- Integrity
- Transparency
### Survey on US researchers
Anderson et al.(2007) collected the responses from 3,247 US researchers.


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cyl notes:
1.普遍主義(universalism):關於真理的斷言,必須要是非關個人的。也就是說,要排除任何關於科學家種族、國籍、宗教的特殊主義考量。
2.共有性(communism):科學的實質發現是社會協作的產物,因而屬於整體社群。科學家對智慧財產權的宣稱,應只侷限於「承認」(recognition)和「尊重」(esteem)。
3.無私利性(disinterestedness):科學家應將自身的工作置放於同儕的嚴格審視之下,不可為了私利而捏造科學成果,或利用外行人的輕信建立自己的權威。
4.有組織的懷疑(organized skepticism):科學家必須依照經驗與邏輯的標準,不妄下定論,對信念進行超然的審視。
(from:http://stssonata.blogspot.com/2016/06/x-sts.html )