# ES6 & ES7

## let & const

[Read more about `let` ](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/let)
[Read more about `const`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/const)

`let` and `const` basically replace `var` . You use `let` instead of `var` and `const` instead of `var` if you plan on never re-assigning this "variable" (effectively turning it into a constant therefore).

## ES6 Arrow Functions

[Read more](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Arrow_functions)

Arrow functions are a different way of creating functions in JavaScript. Besides a shorter syntax, they offer advantages when it comes to keeping the scope of the `this` keyword.

Arrow function syntax may look strange but it's actually simple.

function callMe(name) {
    console.log(name);
}

which you could also write as:

const callMe = function(name) {
    console.log(name);
}

becomes:

const callMe = (name) => {
    console.log(name);
}

### Important:

When having **no arguements**, you can use the following shortcut:

const callMe = name => {
    console.log(name);
}

When **just returning a value**, you can use the following shortcut:

const callMe = name => name;

That's equal to:

const callMe = name => {
    return name;
}

## Exports & Imports

In React projects (and actually in all modern JavaScript projects), you split your code across multiple JavaScript files - so-called modules. You do this, to keep each file/ module focused and manageable.

To still access functionality in another file, you need `export` (to make it available) and `import` (to get access) statements.

You got two different types of
exports: **default** (unnamed) and **named** exports:
default => `export default ...;`
named => `export const someData = ...;`

You can import **default exports** like this:

 import someNameOfYourChoice from './path/to/file.js';

Surprisingly, `someNameOfYourChoice` is totally up to you.

**Named exports** have to be imported by their name:

import { someData } from './path/to/file.js';

A file can only contain one default and an unlimited amount of named exports. You can also mix the one default with any amount of named exports in one and the same file.

When importing **named exports**, you can also import all named exports at once with the following syntax:

import * as upToYou from './path/to/file.js';

`upToYou` is - well - up to you and simply bundles all exported variables/functions in one JavaScript object. For example, if you `export const someData = ... (/path/to/file.js)` you can access it on `upToYou` like this: `upToYou.someData`

## Classes

Classes are a feature which basically replace constructor functions and prototypes. You can define blueprints for JavaScript objects with them.

Like this:

class Person {
    constructor() {
        this.name = 'Sid';
    }
}

const person = new Person();
console.log(person.name); // prints 'Sid'

In the above example, not only the class but also a property of that class (=> `name` ) is defined. They syntax you see there, is the "old" syntax for defining properties. In modern JavaScript projects (as the one used in this course), you can use the following, more convenient way of defining class properties:

class Person {
    name = 'Sid'
}

const person = new Person();
console.log(person.name); // prints 'Sid'

You can also define methods. Either like this:

class Person {
    name = 'Sid';
    printMyName() {
        console.log(this.name);// `this` is required to refer to the class
    }
}

const person = new Person();
person.printMyName();

Or like this:

class Person {
    name = 'Sid';
    printMyName = () => {
        console.log(this.name);
    }
}

const person = new Person();
person.printMyName();

The second approach has the same advantage as all arrow functions have: The `this` keyword doesn't change its reference.

You can also use **inheritance** when using classes:

class Human {
    species = 'human';
}

class Person extends Human {
    name = 'Sid';
    printMyName = () => {
        console.log(this.name)
    }
}

const person = new Person();
person.printMyName();
console.log(person.species);// prints 'human'

## Spread & Rest Operator

The spread and rest operators actually use the same syntax: `...`

Yes, that is the operator - just three dots. It's usage determines whether you're using it as the spread or rest operator.

### Using the Spread Operator:

The spread operator allows you to pull elements out of an array (=> split the array into a list of its elements) or pull the properties out of an object. Here are two examples:

const oldArray = [1, 2, 3];
const newArray = [...oldArray, 4, 5];// This is now [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Here's the spread operator used on an object:

const oldObj = {
    name: 'Sid'
};

const newObj = {
    ...oldObj,
    age: 25
};

`newObj` would then be:

{
    name: 'Sid',
    age: 25
}

The spread operator is extremely useful for cloning arrays and objects. Since both are [reference types (and not primitives)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ooYYRLdg_g&feature=youtu.be), copying them safely (i.e. preventing future mutation of the copied original) can be tricky. With the spread operator you have an easy way of creating a (shallow!) clone of the object or array.

## Destructuring

Destructuring allows you to easily access the values of arrays or objects and assign them to variables.

Here's an example for an array:

const arr = [1, 2, 3];
const [a, b] = arr;
console.log(a);// prints 1
console.log(b);// prints 2
console.log(arr);// prints [1, 2, 3]

And here for an object:

const myObj = {
    name: 'Sid',
    age: 25
}

const {name} = myObj;
console.log(name);// prints 'Sid'
console.log(age);// prints undefined
console.log(myObj);// prints {name: 'Sid', age: 25}

Destructuring is very useful when working with function arguments. Consider this example:

const printName = (personObj) => {
    console.log(personObj.name);
}

printName({name: 'Sid', age: 25});

Here, we only want to print the name in the function but we pass a complete person object to the function. Of course this is no issue but it forces us to call personObj.name
inside of our function. We can condense this code with destructuring:

const printName = ({name}) => {
    console.log(name);
}

printName({name: 'Sid', age: 25}); // prints 'Sid'

We get the same result as above but we save some code. By destructuring, we simply pull out the `name` property and store it in a variable/ argument named which we then can use in the function body.