---
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="oBZD106JT17ClmdlujitQKTY5hElx6rt4eR-0Wu194c" />
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="oBZD106JT17ClmdlujitQKTY5hElx6rt4eR-0Wu194c">
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="oBZD106JT17ClmdlujitQKTY5hElx6rt4eR-0Wu194c" />
---

SLCs
===
:::success
> Documentation [name=MrDr.Staffan]
###### tags: `page` `slc`
:::
https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=863

https://www.bioparadigms.org/hedigerlab/index.html
Peper 2015 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867415008995?via%3Dihub

[![](https://i.imgur.com/LQHFGAV.jpg "BiorXive" =400x)](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469292v4.full)

:::info
### Table of Contents
[TOC]
:::
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

*Why this page?*

A fascinating family of transpoRters
Distinguished by not being Atpase. I.e. Non energetically invested metabolites carriers.

Promiscuous?

Ancient? / diversified

Current classifications of human SLCs, based on sequence similarity and sparse functional annotations, span from 430 to nearly 450 members (Meixner et al., 2020; Tweedie et al., 2021), which represent approximately 9% of human membrane proteins (Dobson et al., 2015b)

---
**SLC proteins** differ from ABC transporters and can be categorized as either facilitative transporters, or secondary active transporters. Facilitative transporters allow substrates to move “downhill” along their concentration gradient, whereas secondary active transporters allow substrates to move “uphill” or against their concentration gradients, by coupling transport to a secondary molecule moving “downhill”, thus maintaining economical energy expenditure

**ABC transporters**
ATP binding casette

## SLC1 *

[Also See GluGln](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FOycr1qjqTeiFmC2iQLAVHA)

**SLC1A4** ASCT1 (Alanine/serine/cysteine transporter 1
Endogenous substrates L-cysteine > L-alanine = L-serine > L-threonine

Stoichiometry 1 Na+: 1 amino acid (in): 1 Na+: 1 amino acid (out)

**SLC1A5** ASCT2 (Alanine/serine/cysteine transporter 2
Endogenous substrates L-alanine = L-serine = L-cysteine (low Vmax) = L-threonine = L-glutamine = L-asparagine >> L-methionine ≅ glycine ≅ L-leucine > L-valine > L-glutamic acid (enhanced at low pH)

Stoichiometry 1 Na+: 1 amino acid (in): 1 Na+: 1 amino acid (out)

## SLC2 GLUTs
:::danger
Slc2 Class I 1-4,14. These transport glucose but not fructose
Slc2 Class II transport frctose, but also glucose?
Slc2 Class III Inositol

Slc5 1,2,4,9,10 Hexose
Slc37
Slc60

:::
[See Glucose transporers - Slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fRJc4L-S18JDzVGG8jjsrtRxzx6uz177SafU2qn21PA/edit?usp=sharing)
[See Slc5 SGLTs Glucose Slc5a1,2,4,9,10](https://hackmd.io/cB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC5)
[See Slc37 Glucose-Phosphate Transporters](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC37)
[See Slc60](https://hackmd.io/cB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC60)
[See Aquaglycoproteins(?)]
[See Target: Slc2a12](/HLGGdApYQfaTQ9KuDTU2lA#Slc2a12-Glucos-transporter-12-insulin-insensitive)

SLC60 Glucose transporters

**Glucose Transporters**
Slc2a1 Slc2a2 Slc2a3 Slc2a4 Slc2a5 Slc2a6 Slc2a7 Slc2a8 Slc2a9 Slc2a10 Slc2a11 Slc2a12 Slc2a13 Slc2a14

### **Class I transporters**
**D-glucose, but not D-fructose**

Direction of gradient
:::success
1, 2, 3, 4, 14
Class I transporters are able to transport **D-glucose, but not D-fructose**, in the direction of the concentration gradient and may be inhibited non-selectively by phloretin and cytochalasin B.

GLUT1 is the major glucose transporter in brain, placenta and erythrocytes,
GLUT2 is found in the pancreas, liver and kidneys,
GLUT3 is neuronal and placental, while
GLUT4 is the insulin-responsive transporter found in skeletal muscle, heart and adipose tissue.
GLUT14 appears to result from gene duplication of GLUT3 and is expressed in the testes [3].

#### Slc2a1 Glut1
GLUT1 is the major glucose transporter in brain, placenta and erythrocytes

Also transports vitamin C across BBB in the form of DHA (then turned into ascorbate). [Also see Vitamin C](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FVRxXizYGTSmR_hDbuSI8LQ#Vitamin-C)

Highest expression in Endothelial

Downregulated:
In reactive astrocytes (Guttenplan, only slc2 detected)

Up in hypoxia - Allen 2020 [why would you take up more glucose when oxygen is low? - maybe because it is not in neurons but in astro/endothelial]

#### Slc2a2
GLUT2 is found in the pancreas, liver and kidneys

#### Slc2a3
Up in hypoxia - Allen 2020
E/F: -2.3 A/E: A/F: -2.2 (FBS> Acute & hbEGF)

#### SLC2A4 GLUT4

Astrocytes (Low MG+endoth.)

#### Slc2a14
Up in hypoxia - Allen 2020

GLUT14: gene duplication of GLUT3

:::
<br><br><br>

### **Class II transporters**
**D-fructose**

:::success
5, 7, 9, 11, 6, 8, 10, 12.

Class II transporters transport D-fructose and appear to be insensitive to cytochalasin B. Class II transporters appear to be **predominantly intracellularly located**.

#### Slc2a5
Up in hypoxia - Allen 2020

#### Slc2a9
Fructose
Uric acid
![](https://i.imgur.com/MjKeO7q.png "Uric acid" =200x)

#### SLC2A10 GLUT10
Astrocytes take up oxidized AA.

Facilitative glucose transporter required for the development of the cardiovascular system.
arterial tortuosity syndrome is characterized by blood vessel abnormalities, particularly abnormal twists and turns (tortuosity)

Shared promoter lnc HSALNG0130501

Substrate:
Glucose
Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

#### SLC2A9
"Urate Voltage-Driven Efflux Transporter 1"
known to transport both uric acid and fructose transporter
https://www.cell.com/ajhg/pdfExtended/S0002-9297(20)30003-3

#### Slc2a11
Up in hypoxia - Allen 2020

#### Slc2a12 - GLUT12 *
**down** in hypoxia - Allen 2020
Up with TNF and Viral
Hypothalamic (Datasets)
Cortical (ABA)

Insulin insensitive
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925443912002220?via%3Dihub

Astrocytes

Datasets: 00RF
Dataset: 00BQ

GLUT inhibitors
(Blue Class I Red Class II, magenta Class III inositol)
https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6132/full/v3/i2/37.htm
:::

### Class III transporter of Inositol
Proton-coupled inositol transporter**
13
Proton-coupled inositol transporters are expressed **predominantly in the brain** [2].

#### Slc2a13
[See Sugar alcohol](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FCUEyKw1dRDucaARdc3f6Rg#Inositol-C6-cyc)

"HMIT"
Proton-coupled inositol transporters are expressed predominantly in the brain
1 H+ : 1 inositol (in)

inhibited by phloretin and cytochalasin B

![](https://i.imgur.com/j6rwQBW.png "inositol" =100x)
Inositol a carboxy sugar

Mediates cell signal transduction in response to a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors and participates in osmoregulation



[# SLC2a12 is a quick response Glut? - No almost no differnce]
[Slc2a3 (neuronal) is very slightly up in fasting]

### Slc2 in neurons
Non are high in Hs neurons,
Slc2a3 is high in Mm Neurons. (Barres)
Slc2a3 Slc2a6 Slc2a8 Slc2a9 Slc2a13 (very high) Human neurons (Lucas)


## SLC3 *

Slc3a1
Complex with slc7a9
Substrate exchange is driven by high concentration of intracellular neutral amino acids and the intracellular reduction of L-cystine to L-cysteine (PubMed:11318953, 7686906, 8486766, 8663184)

Required for reabsorption of L-cystine and dibasic amino acids across the brush border membrane in renal proximal tubules (PubMed:10588648, 16609684).

Slc3a2 *
plays a role in regulation of intracellular calcium levels and transports L-type amino acids. Forms heterodimer with [slc7a5](#SLC7-cationic-amino-acid-transporter/glycoprotein-associated-xCTs)

Slc6a11 Heterodimer with SLC3A2, that functions as an antiporter by mediating the exchange of extracellular anionic L-cystine and intracellular L-glutamate across the cellular plasma membrane (PubMed:15151999, 34880232, 35352032, 35245456, 11417227, 14722095, 11133847)

Part of LAT1 complex (W. Slc7a5)
Transports branched and Aromatic aa Across bbb.
Why would these be wanted in the An energy craving brain.

dimer formed by SLC3A2 and SLC7A6 or SLC3A2 and SLC7A7 mediates the uptake of dibasic amino acids (PubMed:9829974, 10903140)

dimer with SLC7A5/LAT1 mediates the transport of thyroid hormones diiodothyronine (T2), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) across the cell membrane (PubMed:11564694, 12225859).

Cysteine, homocysteine

dimer with SLC7A10 translocates small neutral L- and D-amino acids across the plasma membrane. SLC3A2-SLC7A10 preferentially mediates exchange transport, but can also operate via facilitated diffusion

Together with ICAM1, regulates the transport activity of SLC7A8/LAT2 in polarized intestinal cells by generating and delivering intracellular signals (PubMed:12716892).

May mediate blood-to-retina L-leucine transport across the inner blood-retinal barrier (By similarity)

## SLC4

Slc4a4 *
Electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter with a Na(+):HCO3(-) stoichiometry varyingfrom 1:2 to 1:3. May regulate bicarbonate influx/efflux at the basolateral membrane of cells and regulate intracellular pH

Dataset: 00RF

[SLC4A4 Astrocyte genes](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJN5dmhLu/%2FoPlQXlvzSEO0Vsvo3k5yUg)
[Slc4a4 Regional astrocytes](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1wM46T9GLxPoPnyDQuzbr1D1tgp5nVJ3fL-4zkTBWlA4/edit#slide=id.g1112815837e_2_5)

## SLC5
Na^+^glucose transporters & Choline transpoters & Na^+^myo-inositol cotransporter transporters
Sodium dependent glucose co-transporters.
[See Glucose transporters slide](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fRJc4L-S18JDzVGG8jjsrtRxzx6uz177SafU2qn21PA/edit#slide=id.gd1cf9a1603_0_119)
[See SLC2 GLUTs](#SLC2-GLUTs)
[See SLC5 Sugar transporters - Slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fRJc4L-S18JDzVGG8jjsrtRxzx6uz177SafU2qn21PA/edit#slide=id.gd1cf9a1603_0_62)
[See SLC37 Glucose-Phosphate Transporters](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC37)
[See Slc60](https://hackmd.io/cB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC60)
[Mammalian Sugar transporters](https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/46785)

Na+/K+ ATPase pump Na+ out of the basoateral membrane into the blood. Therefore lower Na+ in the cell than in the nephron tube. Na+ goes along its gradient from the nephron into the basolateral membran - symporting glucose by SGLTs. GLUT unitransporters then transport the glucose into the blood.

| SGTLs | myoinositolTs | Others |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Slc5a1 SGLT1 | Slc5a3 | Slc5a5 NIS sodium-iodide symporter |
| Slc5a2 SGLT2 | Slc5a11 (myo-inositol) | Slc5a6 SMVT Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter | Slc5a8 SMCT (sodium/monocarboxylate cotransporter) |
| Slc5a4 SGLT3 | | SLc5a12 - SMCT2 (more specific for lacate, pyruvic...) |
| Slc5a9 SGLT4 | | Slc5a7 Choline transporter, in Chat neurons|
| Slc5a10 SGLT5 | | |

SGLT1 found in intestine.

Responsible for glucose reabsorption in the Nephron.

SGLT1 in the PST (proximal straight tube)
SGLT2 in the PCT (convoluted) 98%

With hyperglycemia SGTLs are saturated and glucose is excreted with urine.

five other members in the human protein family SLC5A, several of which may also be sodium-glucose transporters

Expression
Hexose transporter family
**Slc5a1 SGLT1**
Substrates
D-glucose [7]
α-MDG [7]
D-galactose [7]
Selective inhibitors
mizagliflozin pKi 7.6 [4]
Stoichiometry 2 Na+ : 1 glucose

**SLc5a2 SGLT2**
Substrates
D-glucose
α-MDG
Selective inhibitors
dapagliflozin pIC50 9.3 [6]
Stoichiometry 1 Na+ : 1 glucose

**Slc5a4 SGLT3**
Substrates
D-glucose [7]
N-ethyl-1-deoxynojirimycin [7]
1-deoxynojirimycin [7]
1-deoxynojirimycin-1-sulfonic acid [7]
miglustat [7]
miglitol [7]
Comment SGLT3 acts as a glucosensor.

==[Potentially transport for Fructose-6-phosphate? My speculation]==

**Slc5a9 SGLT4**
Substrates
D-glucose
α-MDG
D-mannose

**Slc5a10 SGLT5**
Substrates
D-glucose
D-galactose

myo-inositol
**Slc5a3** neurons + astro low -
Substrates myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol > L-fucose > L-xylose > L-glucose, D-glucose, α-MDG > D-galactose, D-fucose > D-xylose

[Important for high levels myoinositol in brain. 2-25mM](https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/46785#:~:text=The%20highest%20myoinositol%20levels%20are%20found%20in%20certain%20regions%20of%20the%20brain%20with%20cerebrospinal%20fluid%20levels%20ranging%20from%202%2D25%20mM%2C%20which%20are%20higher%20than%20levels%20in%20the%20blood.)

[See Proteomics](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1UNLoHJ2mdn67jn5XDQObJxjQmv-7Lp3qyqsqRXkhJCU/edit#slide=id.g1f750c99da5_1_387)

**Slc5a11**
Oligo low Mm Oligo high Hs
Substrates myo-inositol = D-chiro-inositol> D-glucose > D-xylose > L-xylose [4]

**Slc5a5 NIS** sodium-iodide symporter
Substrates
pertechnetate
ClO4-
SCN-
I-
NO3-
Stoichiometry 2Na+ : 1 I- [5]; 1Na+ : 1 ClO4-

**Slc5a6 SMVT** Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter
endothelial
Substrates
pantothenic acid [3]
biotin [3]
lipoic acid [3]
I- [3]
Stoichiometry 2Na+ : 1 biotin (or pantothenic acid)

**Slc5a8 SMCT** (sodium/monocarboxylate cotransporter)
GHB

Substrates
acetic acid
butyric acid
propanoic acid
nicotinic acid
β-D-hydroxybutyric acid
L-lactic acid
D-lactic acid
salicylic acid
3-bromopyruvate
dichloroacetate
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate
acetoacetic acid
benzoate
5-aminosalicylate
α-ketoisocaproate
β-L-hydroxybutyric acid
pyroglutamic acid
γ-hydroxybutyric acid
pyruvic acid
Inhibitors
fenoprofen pIC50 4.6 [10]
ibuprofen pIC50 4.2 [10]
ketoprofen pIC50 3.9 [10]
Stoichiometry 2Na+ : 1 monocarboxylate

### SLc5a12 - SMCT2
[Shares promoter with BBOX1-AS1 + BBOX1-2](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/rkue524uO/%2FCe_-n7xYQz6rhzgtAkhVRw#BBOX1-AS1)

Substrates
nicotinic acid
L-lactic acid
pyruvic acid
Comment Lactate/SLC5A12-induced reprogramming of CD4+ T cells (and he resulting induction of pro-inflammatory IL-17) has been shown to be amenable to pharmacological modulation in a mouse model of arthritis, and is proposed as a therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory disorders.

### Slc5a7 Choline transporter
High Affinity Choline Transporter

See Slc18a3 - vesicle loading AcCh
See

**Slc5a7** neurons Mm Low
Endogenous substrates
choline
Substrates
triethylcholine
Selective inhibitors
hemicholinium-3 pKi 7.0 – 8.0 [7]
Labelled ligands
[3H]hemicholinium-3 pKd 8.2 – 8.4
Stoichiometry Na+ : choline (variable stoichimetry); modulated by extracellular Cl- [4]

Homozygous - Lethal

https://www.mousephenotype.org/data/genes/MGI:1927126



## SLC6 sodium- and chloride-dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters *


### Slc6a1 - GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) also known as sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1

GABA transporter subfamily
Astro + OPC + Neuron

### Slc6a4 - Serotonin
SERT
Serotonin transporter.

### Slc6a8 - Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1 CT1
GABA transporter subfamily

Oligo **OPC** astro

### Slc6a9 Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycinetransporter 1 GlyT1
Glycine transporter subfamily
Astro + oligo

Expressed in the intestine

Not expressed to same extent in humans. (barres)

### SLC6A11
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3 (GAT3)
GABA transporter subfamily

Astrocytes!

Also transports b-alanine

[Selective inhibitor: SNAP-5114 pIC50 5.2 [2]](https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=177&objId=931#931)

### Others
Slc6a2 - The norepinephrine transporter(NET)
Monoamine transporter subfamily

Slc6a3 - Dopamine transporter (DAT)
Monoamine transporter subfamily

Slc6a4 - 5HTTransporter (SERT)
Monoamine transporter subfamily

**Slc6a5** - Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 GlyT2
Glycine transporter subfamily

Expressed in spinal cord up to level of Pons (including cerebellum)

In rest of brain only in Midbrain reticular nucleus, retrorubral area?
+ Anterodorsal nucleus of hypothalamus?

Slc6a6 - Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter TauT
GABA transporter subfamily

Endothelial - Neuron low

GABA [1]
β-alanine
taurine

Slc6a7 - Proline
Glycine transporter subfamily
Endothelial not in astro
brain L-proline transporter protein

Neuron low

Slc6a10 -

Slc6a12 - Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter, also known as Na(+)/Cl(-) betaine/GABA transporter (BGT-1)
GABA transporter subfamily
Schizophrenia in
a Korean
population
GABA transporter Park et al., 2011

Human endothelial

Slc6a12
betaine

Slc6a13 - Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+) GAT2?
GABA transporter subfamily

Endothelial Hs Oligo Mm

Slc6a14 - ATB0,+
Glycine transporter subfamily

Suggested as protective/susceptibility for autism

There is no CpG island associated with the promoter and no differential methylation of the active and inactive X as occurs for genes subject to random X-inactivation (Genome Browsers and near submission manuscript)

Its effect could be viewed as a male susceptibility or as a female protection for brain carnitine deficiency.

Slc6a15 - Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B^0^AT2
Neutral amino acid transporter subfamily
SLC6A15 Depression branched-chain amino acids,
particularly leucine, valine and
isoleucine and methionine
Hyde et al., 2016

Neurons

Slc6a16 - NTT5
Neutral amino acid transporter subfamily

Slc6a17 - NTT4
Neutral amino acid transporter subfamily

Neurons

Slc6a18 - Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B^0^AT3
Neutral amino acid transporter subfamily

Dive response
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaw6671

SLC6A18 is a functional transporter in mouse, but not in humans.

Slc6a19 - Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B^0^AT1
Neutral amino acid transporter subfamily

OPC low

Slc6a20 - SIT1
Neutral amino acid transporter subfamily

endothelial + OPC low Mm


## SLC7 cationic amino acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated xCTs
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

SLC7 family members may be divided into two major groups: cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) and glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporters (gpaATs).


### SLC7A2
- Responsible for the cellular uptake of arginine, lysine and ornithine

- Cationic Amino Acid Transporter, Y+ System
- [BarresH Astro 10](http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/cgi-bin/geneSearchMariko.py?geneNameIn=SLC7a2)
- BarresM Astro 40
- ME

### SLC7A10 - Asc-1
- Small neutral aminoacids (incl. Cysteine Serine)

- high-affinity transport of D-serine and several other neutral amino acids
- Neutral/Cationic Amino Acid Transporter, Y+ System
- BarresH Astro 8
- [BarresM Astro 300](http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/cgi-bin/geneSearchMariko.py?geneNameIn=SLC7a10)

### SLC7A11
- Glutamate Cysteine

- Anionic Amino Acid Transporter
- Specific Cystine/Glutamate Transporter - System Xc-
- Calcium Channel Blocker Resistance Protein CCBR1
- expression of this gene in primary gliomas (compared to normal brain tissue) was associated with **increased glutamate secretion** via the XCT channels, resulting in neuronal cell death
- [Hippocampus along C1](http://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/siv?id=69874048&imageId=69812668&initImage=ish&coordSystem=pixel&x=6663&y=4447&z=3)
- [BarresH A_30](http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/cgi-bin/geneSearchMariko.py?geneNameIn=SLC7a11)
- BarresM A_35
- __Boulet Increased in refeeding__

### Others

* SLC7A1
- [BarresH Endothelial 15](http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/cgi-bin/geneSearchMariko.py?geneNameIn=SLC7a1)
- BarresM Endothelial 200

* SLC7A3
- [BarresH](http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/cgi-bin/geneSearchMariko.py?geneNameIn=SLC7a3)
- BarresM OPC 35 Endo 25
* SLC7A4
* __SLC7A5__ [Endothelial Only + astrocytes](http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/cgi-bin/geneSearchMariko.py?geneNameIn=slc7a5)
forms heterodimer with other slc:s
With Slc3a2. Transport of neutral aminoacids such as __phenylalanine, tyrosine, L-DOPA, leucine, histidine, methionine and tryptophan__

* SLC7A6
Associated with metabolite
glutarylcarnitine C5-carn - togheter with CPT2
SLC7A6

[See Carboxylic acids]
[Glutarylcarnitine (HMDB0013130)](https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0013130)

* SLC7A7 [MG only](http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/cgi-bin/geneSearchMariko.py?geneNameIn=SLC7a7)
* SLC7A8
* SLC7A9

* SLC7A13
* SLC7A14 [Mostly Neurons](http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/cgi-bin/geneSearchMariko.py?geneNameIn=slc7a14)

## SLC8
## SLC9

Slc9c1=SLC9A10
Miles-Carpenter Syndrome (MCS)
(homology to CooA - a bacterial CO sensor? )(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3829242)

### Slc9a1

Involved in pH regulation to eliminate acids generated by active metabolism or to counter adverse environmental conditions. Major proton extruding system driven by the inward sodium ion chemical gradient. Plays an important role in signal transduction

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism

Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), encoded by the SLC9A1 gene (SoLute Carrier family 9A1) in humans, is the main H+ efflux mechanism in maintaining alkaline intracellular pH (pHi) and Warburg effects in glioma

### Slc9a6
NHE6
protein localizes to early and recycling endosomes and may be involved in regulating endosomal pH and volume. Defects in this gene are associated with X-linked syndromic cognitive disability

## SLC10

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC11 family of proton-coupled metal ion transporters
The family of proton-coupled metal ion transporters are responsible for movements of divalent cations, particularly ferrous and manganese ions, across the cell membrane (SLC11A2/DMT1) and across endosomal (SLC11A2/DMT1) or lysosomal/phagosomal membranes (SLC11A1/NRAMP1

[Slc11a1](https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=183&objId=967#967)
Across lysosomal/phagosomal membranes.(low pH)

Fe2+
Mn2+

1 H+ : 1 Fe2+ (out) or 1 Fe2+ (in) : 1 H+ (out)
[When H+ outside mt is high (when running) there is import of Fe2+.]
[When H+ inside is higher, then export of Fe2+]

[Slc11a2](https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=183&objId=967#967)
Across cell membrane, across endosomal membranes

Cd2+
Co2+
Cu2+
Fe2+
Mn2+

1 H+ : 1 Fe2+ (out) [1]

## SLC12

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)


Slc12a2 Oligo

Slc12a4 glia
Electroneutral Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 1

Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport when activated by cell swelling. May contribute to cell volume homeostasis in single cells.

Fish-eye disease toghether with Lcat - Cholesterol export.

[See Cholesterol](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FgRCfhM49T-yl7l8wFSN1sQ)

## SLC13 - Na-Sulphate/Carboxylate symporters

intermediates, including mono-, di-, and tri-carboxylates

**NaS1 (Na+/sulfate cotransporter / SLC13A1)**
C/Na+/SO42/S O2 3/
SeO42
Sodium/sulfate cotransporter that mediates sulfate reabsorption in the kidney

An apical membrane Na(+)-sulfate cotransporter involved in sulfate homeostasis in the kidney

Endogenous substrates
SeO42-
SO42-
S2O32-
Stoichiometry 3 Na+ : 1 SO42- (in)

* ==Slc13a2==
Microglia

**NaC1 (Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter 1 / SLC13A2)**
[import / neurons?](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1KnG_bzL6EU2eT8UBfBwaKMbHPPFvHwwN9l54ooWsuj4/edit#slide=id.g133f1ec9065_0_16)

C/Na+/succinate/
citrate/
Endogenous substrates
citric acid
succinic acid
Stoichiometry 3 Na+ : 1 dicarboxylate2- (**in**)
Krebs cycle

* ==SLC13A3==
Astrocyte

**NaC3 (Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 / SLC13A3)**
[Export / astro?](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1KnG_bzL6EU2eT8UBfBwaKMbHPPFvHwwN9l54ooWsuj4/edit#slide=id.g133f1ec9065_0_16)

C/Na+/succinate/citrate/
Enrihced in subset of astrocytes
Sodium-Dependent High Affinity Dicarboxylate Transporter

Expressed in astrocytes, more specific in mice than human
One 3.6-kb transcript
only

"NaDC3"
cotransporters transport succinate and other Krebs cycle intermediates.
Succinate, citrate, a-ketoglutarate

Stoichiometry **Unknown**

* Slc13a4
**NaS2 (Na+/sulfate cotransporter / SLC13A4)**
C/Na+/SO42

Endogenous substrates
SO42-
Stoichiometry 3 Na+ : SO42- (in)

* ==SLC13A5==

Astrocyte

**NaC2 (Na+/citrate cotransporter / SLC13A5)**
C/Na+/citrate/succinate/pyruvate
**Enrihced in astrocytes**
Mutations in this gene cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 25
Endogenous substrates
citric acid
pyruvic acid

One 3.2-kb transcript only

Stoichiometry **Unknown**

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC14 - Urea

Slc14a1 - Urea transporter
Enriched in astrocytes

Slc14a2 - Urea transporter
Enriched in astrocytes
Specialized low-affinity vasopressin-regulated urea transporter

## SLC15 family of peptide transporters

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC16 family of monocarboxylate transporters
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)
Monocarboxylate transporters

[See Separate page](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2F5i7jIOtETWibGjwDtpOySQ)


Slc16a1 GHB

## SLC17 PNaT I Nitrate/SialicT VGluT
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

[See SLC17](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC17-PNaT-I-NitrateSialicT-VGluT)
[See SLC20](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC20-PNaT-III:-PiT1-PiT2)
[See SLC34](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC34-PNaT-II)

**Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type I**
SLC17A1-4


* SLC17A1 - NPT1
- Sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 1
- Gout and Hyperuricemia
- Phosphate homeostasis is maintained by regulating intake, intestinal absorption, bone deposition and resorption, and renal excretion of phosphate. The central molecule in the control of phosphate excretion from the kidney is the sodium/phosphate cotransporter NPT1 (SLC17A1; MIM 182308)
- BarresM_Var_ND BarresH_Var_ND

* SLC17A2 - NPT2
- Solute Carrier Family 34 (Type II Sodium/Phosphate Cotransporter)
- See SLC34A1
- Osteoblast Signaling
- BarresM_Var_ND BarresH_Var_ND
-
* SLC17A3 - NPT3
- organic anion transporter member 3
- voltage-driven transporter that excretes intracellular urate and organic anions from the blood into renal tubule cells
- BarresM_Var_ND BarresH_Var_ND

* SLC17A4
- Putative Small Intestine Sodium-Dependent Phosphate Transport Protein
- Probable Small Intestine Urate Exporter
- Perhaps in glia HC+Cerebellum.
- BarresM_Var_ND BarresH_Var_ND

**Nitrate/SialicT**


* SLC17A5 - Nitrate/Sialin
- also known as H(+)/nitrate cotransporter and H(+)/sialic acid cotransporter.
- Lysosomal membrane sialic acid transport protein
- N-glycan biosythesis and Transport to the Golgi and subsequent modification
- BarresM_Var_4 BarresH_Var_3
- Sallas diseae Finnish

**Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT)**
* SLC17A6 -VGLUT2
- Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2
- Sodium-Dependent Inorganic Phosphate Cotransporter
- BarresM_N_60 BarresH_N+A_1
- Campbell: Neurons
- [Allen](https://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/siv?id=73818754&imageId=73844040&initImage=ish&coordSystem=pixel&x=5892&y=2316&z=3)
- [Allen Microarray - COrrelate with Bbox1](http://celltypes.brain-map.org/rnaseq/searches?{%22exact_match%22:true,%22search_term%22:%22Bbox1%22,%22search_type%22:%22gene%22,%22features%22:[],%22tumors%22:[],%22page_num%22:0})
- Paraventricular nucleus of thalamus [`emotion and behaviour` ](https://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/siv?id=73818754&imageId=73844040&initImage=ish&coordSystem=pixel&x=5892&y=2316&z=3)
- [Septal](https://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/siv?id=73818754&imageId=73844674&initImage=ish&coordSystem=pixel&x=4449&y=3793&z=4)

* SLC17A7 - VGLUT1
- Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1
- Brain-Specific Na-Dependent Inorganic Phosphate Cotransporter
- Na+/Pi cotransporter family
- BarresM_N+O+MG_20 BarresH_N_15
-

* SLC17A8 - VGLUT3
- Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3
- Deafness, Autosomal Dominan
- Sodium-Dependent Inorganic Phosphate Cotransporter
- BarresM_N_4 BarresH_1.2

* SLC17A9
- Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter
- Involved in vesicular storage and exocytosis of ATP
- BarresM_MG_2 BarresH_
- Allen: Wide distribution

## SLC18 Vascular monoaminetransporter
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

[Also see spermidine Spermine Putrescine](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FOtNUHy8cQaKQKzHl2P-eGw)
[Also see Kir Channels](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FXiKvvKDOQ86iRYXptfvKJQ)


SLC18A1 VMAT1
Vascular monoaminetransporter 1
SLC18A2 VMAT2

SLC18A3 - Vesicular acetycholine transporter

### SLC18B1 interesting polyamine transporters

Polyamines (PAs) are endogenous compounds and the most common PAs produced by mammalian cells are spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm) and putrescine [1]

putrescine
spermidine (triamine)
spermine (tetraamine)

Spermine + Mg2+ is required for Kir channels to function [See Kir channels](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FXiKvvKDOQ86iRYXptfvKJQ)

Slc18b1 Polyamines can enhance the permeability of the blood–brain barrier. (by neurotensin)

https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008455

[MGI](http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1923556)

enhanced behavioral response to amphetamine
impaired behavioral response to addictive substance
abnormal operant conditioning behavior
abnormal long term object recognition memory
abnormal short term object recognition memory
abnormal spatial reference memory
abnormal spatial working memory
impaired learning

* Enriched in human astrocytes (oldham)
* Cortex 66
* Amy 13
* CB 30
* DI 28
* Hipp 22
* LIM 21
* MED 23
* MID 21
* OCX 25
* PCX 27
* STR 25
* TCX 25
* White matter 10



## SLC19
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)
SLC19A1 Folate
SLC19A2 Thiamine t. 1
SLC19A3 Thiamine t. 2

## SLC20 PNaT III: PiT1 PiT2
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

[See SLC17](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC17-PNaT-I-NitrateSialicT-VGluT)
[See SLC20](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC20-PNaT-III:-PiT1-PiT2)
[See SLC34](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC34-PNaT-II)

**Phosphate transporters PiT-1 PiT-2**
Both transporters are targets for a specific (?) retrovirus.


Slc20 PiT-1 + 2

#### Slc20A1 astrocytes CTX -L5 looks very good.
http://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/siv?id=1571&imageId=101362480&initImage=ish&coordSystem=pixel&x=1297&y=1187&z=2

#### SLC20B1 astrocyte + endothelial
HC marker dental gyrus

absorbing phosphate from interstitial fluid for normal cellular functions such as cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and nucleic acid and lipid synthesis
familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (FIBGC)

## SLC21 - Slco1c1
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

Slco1c1 OATP-F, __Slc21a14__

Iodinated thyronine molecules and amphipathic organic anions

including thyroxine (T4) and bromosulfophthalein (BSP), in a sodium-independent manner

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC22 various

Slc22a1//OCT1

Slc22a2//OCT2
Solute Carrier Family 22 (Organic Cation Transporter 2), Member 2
Carnitine transporter

also transports tetraethylammonium TEA, Metformin

**Tubular uptake**
agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamine, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin

Slc22a3 - Dopamine
Histamine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, MPP+

Solute Carrier Family 22 (Organic Cation/Zwitterion Transporter), Member 4 Slc22a4
Shares promoter with P4HA2

### SLC22A4 // OCTN1
Astro

Polyspecific organic cation transporters in the liver, kidney, intestine, and other organs are **critical for elimination of small organic cations**

### SLC22A5 OCTN2 High-Affinity Sodium Dependent Carnitine Cotransporter
Astro
Asthma
Torgerson et al., 2011
Moffatt et al., 2010
[also see Carnitine](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FTRcryV60SaKL1jzrUtDeeg#Carnitine-SLCs)

* It binds not only L-carnitine but also acetyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine with comparable affinity.[94]

Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, et al. Functional characteristics and tissue
distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic
cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 290 (3): 1482-92

### SLC22a21 OCTN3
Expressed in NFOLs (linnarsson)


Listed as carnitine transporter in https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00418-018-1722-5
[Also see Peroxisomes](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2F8vV6VyEFSsyHiWH_OZ1_hw)

Reference:
2005 OCTN3 is a mammalian peroxisomal membrane carnitine transporter Anne-MarieLamhonwah
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006291X05024642

Organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN3 is present in astrocytes and is up-regulated by peroxisome proliferators-activator receptor agonist

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135727250900243X?via%3Dihub

### Others

SLC22A11 - not in mice?
Urate

SLC22A12
Urate Anion Exchanger 1

**Slc22a16**
Solute Carrier Family 22 (Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter), Member 16

High affinity carnitine transporter; the uptake is partially sodium-ion dependent
- Thought to mediate the **L-carnitine secretion** mechanism from testis epididymal epithelium into the lumen which is involved in

**Slc22A17**
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Receptor (Lcn2 receptor)
siderophore transport
Potent Brain Type Organic Ion Transporter
LCN2 = neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)

involved in innate immunity by sequestering iron and preventing its use by bacteria, thus limiting their growth.[8]

Toll receptor in immunecells are activated leading to LCN2

## SLC23
maintain prosthetic metal ions in their reduced forms (for example, Fe2+, Cu+), and for scavenging free radicals in order to protect tissues from oxidative damage

SVCT1 // Slc23a1
Vitamin C transporter
SVCT2 // Slc23a2
Vitamin C transporter
SVCT3 // Slc23a3
Vitamin C transporter

[See Slc2a1 & Slc2a10 (also VitC transport)](https://hackmd.io/cB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg?both#SLC2-GLUTs)

## SLC24 sodium/potassium/calcium exchange family
sodium/portassium/calcium exchange family
[]
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC25 Mitochondrial transporters *
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

[See SLC25s page](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FXHmVBY6pTCWnwr1AA9xOkA)

[Slc25a46 Succinate?](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FXHmVBY6pTCWnwr1AA9xOkA#SLC25A46---mitochondrial-fission)


### SLC25a46
SLC25a46 and mitochondria

[2021 Nanoscopic quantification of sub-mitochondrial morphology, mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in living cells derived from patients with mitochondrial diseases](https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-021-00882-9)

[2023 The role of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein SLC25A46 in mitochondrial fission and fusion
](https://www.life-science-alliance.org/content/6/6/e202301914)
Created multiple mutant lines of SLC25a46, using crispr/cas9

[[This is a extensive and seemingly great paper. Live cell imaging, lipidomics]]

SLC25A46 is present at fusion and fission sites. Captures of the videos are in Fig 3. Fibroblasts stably overexpressing SLC25A46-GFP (green) were analyzed by live-cell imaging. Mitochondria were stained with MitoTracker Deep Red (white). Images were captured every 0.5 s for a period of 1 min.
https://static-movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/webm/10.26508/72/8907670832bc08e5144b2aa58d924c14a54b01e0/LSA-2023-01914_V1.webm

[2023 Function of Slc25a46 in insulin secreting cells](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36942724/)
Importantly, insulin-secreting cells lacking SLC25A46 had an exacerbated sensitivity to lipotoxic conditions, undergoing massive apoptosis when exposed to palmitate.

## SLC26

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

Slc26a1 rather specific to glia
"Sulfate/Anion Transporter SAT-1 Protein"
[Changed with Psilocin? See Pig data](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1nUEBG6zmMVdODtB4DE-R0PHiPmAqjmpHb38DJZL2dMk/edit#gid=874005933)

Slc26a2
[Changed with Psilocin? See Pig data](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1nUEBG6zmMVdODtB4DE-R0PHiPmAqjmpHb38DJZL2dMk/edit#gid=874005933)

Slc26a5 - Deafness in Humans
"Prestin""
rather specific

Slc26a11

## SLC27 Long Fatty acid transporter
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)
[See also FAT](#FAT-Fatty-acid-transporter)

[See also FA transport in FA metabolism](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FLviQI1LDRae6qatO08KKLQ#FA-transport)



### Slc27a1
"Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1"
- BarresM Astro 150 and in Oligo (Oldham)
- Hs giles most

PPAR signaling ([see signaling pathways](https://hackmd.io/Hi_KrVDMS72extkwqJfUJw#PPAR-signaling---Peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor))

Mediates the ATP-dependent import of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) into the cell by mediating their translocation at the plasma membrane (PubMed:28178239)

**Have RNAscope data in dataset 0029-6 & 00RF(ER1vsER2) 005F**

**Slc27a2** Very Long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetase
Hs Neuron specific

Somehow related to [levels 10-undecenoate (11:1n1).](https://metabolomips.org/si/locus.php?id=107)

**Slc27a3** Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 3
Hs Astro
Mainly functions as an acyl-CoA ligase catalyzing the ATP-dependent formation of fatty acyl-CoA using LCFA and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) as substrates (PubMed:23936004). Can mediate the levels of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in the cell by facilitating their transport across membranes

**Slc27a4** Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4
**Slc27a5** Bile acyl-CoA synthetase
**Slc27a6** Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 6

### **Human vs mouse**
Slc27a1 is expressed in many mouse cells - but is enriched in astrocytes

FABP8 // **PMP2** // peripheral myeline protein
OldH = astro+oligo
linnarsson = low in MOL3 none in others. (+ SCHW)
**PMP22**
OldH = mainly oligo
linnarsson = extremely high in SCHW.

**FABP12** low but highest in astro
OldH
**FABP5** the most common in astrocytes
OldH
**FABP7** the most common in astrocytes
OldH
esp. Olfactory bulb? (linnarsson)

[Also see Lipids in cell types](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FUvNTWpCvR3W68aoFEHwRiQ#FA-receptors--Fatty-acid-receptors)

Cav3 in human astro (giles)

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC28
[Top](#Table-of-Contents
"Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters"

Nucleoside transporters are divided into two families: the Na+-dependent solute carrier family 28 (SLC28) and the equilibrative solute carrier family 29 (SLC29)

SLC28A1 CNT1
pyrimidine nucleoside-selective CNT1
1 Na+ : 1 nucleoside (in)

SLC28A2 CNT2
purine nucleoside-, and uridine-selective CNT2

SLC28A3 CNT3

## SLC29 - Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter ENTs
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)
Nucleoside transporters are divided into two families: the Na+-dependent solute carrier family 28 (SLC28) and the equilibrative solute carrier family 29 (SLC29)

- transport nucleoside substrates like adenosine into cells
- ENTs are blocked by adenosine reuptake inhibitors like dipyridamole and dilazep, drugs used clinically for their vasodilatory properties

* SLC29A1 ENT1
- BarresMouse: Microglia 60 Endothelial 60 + A_N_O 15
SLC29A1-null mice has been associated with a hypermineralization disorder similar to human diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

* SLC29A2 ENT2
- BarresMouse: Astro_Neuron 7 + O 4

* SLC29A3 ENT3
- BarresMouse: Microglia 25 + A_N_O >10

* SLC29A4 ENT4 - plasma membrane monoamine transporter (**PMAT**)
- monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) as well as adenosine

- Unlike other members of the ENT family, impermeable to most nucleosides, except inhibitory neurotransmitter and ribonucleoside adenosine, which it is permeable to in a highly pH-dependent manner
- [BarresMouse: Endo_Neuron_OPC 15](http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/cgi-bin/geneSearchMariko.py?geneNameIn=Slc29a4)
- [Dentate gyrus ](http://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/siv?id=68203443&imageId=67843460&initImage=ish&coordSystem=pixel&x=7928&y=2808&z=2)

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC30 Zinc transporters + others

Slc30a1 Slc30a2 Slc30a3 Slc30a4 Slc30a5 Slc30a6 Slc30a7 Slc30a8 Slc30a9 Slc30a10

SLC30A8 T2DM type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance
zinc transporter 8 Sladek et al., 2007;
Dupuis et al., 2010

**SLC30A10** manganese transport
Neurologic,
hepatic, and
hematologic
disturbances
In astrocytes, notin oligos

## SLC31
## SLC32
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

**Slc32a1**
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
GHB gamma hydroxybutyrate

## SLC33 Acetyl- CoA Transporters

Acetyl- CoA Transporters
SLC33A1

## SLC34 PNaT II
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

[See SLC17](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC17-PNaT-I-NitrateSialicT-VGluT)
[See SLC20](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC20-PNaT-III:-PiT1-PiT2)
[See SLC34](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC34-PNaT-II)

**Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type II**

* SLC34A1 - NPTIIa
- See SLC17A2
- Solute Carrier Family 34 (Type II Sodium/Phosphate Cotransporter)
- Involved in actively transporting phosphate into cells via Na(+) cotransport in the renal brush border membrane. Probably mediates 70-80% of the apical influx.
- Expressed in [Cerebellum](https://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/show?id=1842).

Slc34a1 NPTIIa NaPi2,3,4,6,7

slc34a2 NPTIIb

slc34a3 NPTIIc

at
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC35
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

nucleotide sugar transporters

**Slc35a1**
CMP-sialic acid transporter

**Slc35a2**
UDP N-acetyl-glucosamine

**Slc35a3**
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter

**Slc35a4**
"PLRR-4 polymorphic leucine-rich repeat protein"
?

**Slc35a5**
?

**Slc35b1** // UGTREL1
UDP-galactose transporter-related protein

**Slc35b2** // PAPS2
PAPS transporter 1 // PAPST1
adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1
D-serine modulator-1 | Dsm-1

**Slc35b3** // PAPS2
PAPS transporter 2 // PAPST2
PAPST2 | 3' phosphoadenosine 5' phosphosulfate transporter 2

**SLC35B4** // YEA
UDP-xylose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter

**SLC35C1** // GDP-Fucose transporter

**SLC35C2** // OVCOV1
ovarian cancer overexpressed 1

**SLC35D1**
UDP-glucuronic acid/UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine dual transporter
"UDP-galactose transporter-related 7 | UGTREL7"

**Slc35d2** // HFRC1
"UDP-galactose transporter-related 8 | SQV7L | UGTrel8"
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose transporter
UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-glucose transporter

**Slc35d3** // FRCL1
Fringe connection-like protein 1

**SLC35E1**
Orphan transporter
**SLC35E2A**
Orphan transporter
**SLC35E2B**
?
**SLC35E3**
Orphan transporter
**SLC35E4**
Orphan transporter
**SLC35F1**
Orphan transporter
**SLC35F2**
Orphan transporter
**SLC35F3**
Orphan transporter
**SLC35F4**
Orphan transporter
**SLC35F5**
Orphan transporter
**SLC35F6**
transport and golgi organization 9 homolog
"ANT2-binding protein | ANT2BP"

**SLC35G1**
Tmem20
Partner Of STIM1
Diseases associated with SLC35G1 include Cannabis Dependence and Hallucinogen Dependence. An important paralog of this gene is SLC35G2.
May play a role in intracellular calcium sensing and homeostasis. May act as a negative regulator of plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPases preventing calcium efflux from the cell

**SLC35G2**
Tmem22
[Up in HB-EGF. astro](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1PyCBPQMSLHRpAxD_VoydKKH2Lg4DDE-wkDhLyHUKrIY/edit#gid=951657710&range=G285)

**Slc35g3**
acyl-malonyl condensing enzyme 1 | AMAC1 | TMEM21A

**Slc35g4**
acyl-malonyl condensing enzyme 1-like 1 | AMAC1L1

**Slc35g5**
acyl-malonyl condensing enzyme 1-like 2 | AMAC1L2

**SLC35G6**
cyl-malonyl condensing enzyme 1-like 3 | AMAC1L3 | TMEM21B

## SLC36
SLC36A1 HsOldH Neurons

Slc36a2
Expressed in Schwann cells and ACDM (linnarsson) (should be quite specific)
Dorsal midbrain Myoc-expressing astrocyte-like

Proton-Coupled Amino Acid Transporter 2 Transports glycine and proline. Hyperglucineuria

Looks odd in allen.
http://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/show?id=1070

Really high adopose brown fat (Mm). Adrenal gland. Heart.
WAT
BAT
Osteoblasts (Boneforming)
Lymphnodes
Dorsal root ganglia

## SLC37
Phosphosugar transporters
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

[See Glucose transporters slide](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fRJc4L-S18JDzVGG8jjsrtRxzx6uz177SafU2qn21PA/edit#slide=id.gd1cf9a1603_0_119)
[See SLC2 GLUTs](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC2-GLUTs)
[See SLC5 SGLTs](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC5-Naglucose-transporters-amp-Choline-transpoters-amp-Namyo-inositol-cotransporter-transporters)
[See Slc60](https://hackmd.io/cB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC60)

**SLC37A1**
*G3P Transporter // Glycerol-3-Phosphate Transporter // Glycerol-6-Phosphate Transporter*
Located in ER + p.membrane

cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate into ER and inorganic phosphate opposite direction. Independent of a lumenal glucose-6-phosphatase.

**SLC37A2**
*SPX2 // Sugar Phosphate Exchanger 2 // Glucose-6-Phosphate Exchanger*
Located in ER + p.membrane + extracellular

cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate into ER and inorganic phosphate opposite direction. Independent of a lumenal glucose-6-phosphatase.

**SLC37A3**
*SPX3 // Sugar Phosphate Exchanger 3 // Glycerol-3-Phosphate Transporter*
Located in ER + p.membrane

Predicted to be involved in carbohydrate transport and transmembrane transport.

**SLC37A4**
*G6PT // Glucose-6-Phosphatase, Transport (Phosphate/Pyrophosphate)
Microsomal Glucose-6-Phosphate Transporter*
Located in ER

G6PC1 // glucose-6-phosphatase Forms with the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (SLC37A4/G6PT) the complex responsible for glucose production in the **terminal step of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis**

**Glycogen storage disease**

It also plays a role in ATP-mediated calcium sequestration in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in this gene have been associated with various forms of glycogen storage disease

## SLC38 - Amino acid transporter. Nitrogen metabolism (?)
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)
The SLC38 family of transporters appears to be responsible for the functionally-defined system A and system N mechanisms of amino acid transport and are mostly expressed in the CNS

SNAT1, SNAT2 and SNAT4 appear to resemble system A transporters in accumulating neutral amino acids under the influence of the sodium gradient.

SNAT3 and SNAT5 appear to resemble system N transporters in utilizing proton co-transport to accumulate amino acids.

* SLC38A1 - SNAT1
Barres moslty Neurons
SLC38A1 is an important transporter of glutamine, an intermediate in the detoxification of ammonia and the production of urea.

Mediates the saturable, pH-sensitive and electrogenic cotransport of glutamine and sodium ions with a stoichiometry of 1:1

May supply glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons with glutamine which is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA

* SLC38A2 - SNAT2
Boulet increased with feeding

* SLC38A3 / SNAT3 / SN1
Included in IHC screen (Barres)
May play a role in nitrogen metabolism and synaptic transmission
Mediates electrogenic cotransport of glutamine and sodium ions in exchange for protons. Also recognizes histidine, asparagine and alanine

* Slc38a4 / SNAT4
SLC38A4 is found predominantly in liver and transports both cationic and neutral amino acids

cationic amino acids by SLC38A4 is Na(+) and pH independent
neutral amino acids is Na(+) and pH dependent

* Slc38a5 / SNAT5
The encoded protein transports glutamine, asparagine, histidine, serine, alanine, and glycine across the cell membrane, but does not transport charged amino acids, imino acids, or N-alkylated amino acids.

Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.

* Slc38a6-11 - Orphan
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC39
Zinc?
Slc39a1 Slc39a2 Slc39a3 Slc39a4 Slc39a5 Slc39a6 Slc39a7 Slc39a8 Slc39a9 Slc39a10
Slc39a11 **Slc39a12** Slc39a13 Slc39a14

**Slc39a12** Acts as a zinc-influx transporter (Potential). May be partly involved in the outbreak of schizophrenia.

## Slc39a7
Correlated to Rbm3 in my proteomics data

## SLC40 - Ferroportin
* SLC40A1 - Adrian
Ferroportin
protein: Ferroportin (SLC40A1)
gene: SLC40A1
Accession number: NM_016917
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_016917.2

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

## SLC41
## SLC42 Ammonium and gas transport
[See Gasotransmitters](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2F5WeiKeHbTsCQkizzoVeGnw#Gasotransmitters)
See

**SLC42A1** Ammonium transporter Rh type A

CO2 [1]
NH3 [4]
NH4+ [5]

**SLC42A2**
Ammonium transporter Rh type B
**SLC42A3**
Ammonium transporter Rh type C

## SLC43

## SLC44 SLC44 choline transporter-like family

[#The Choline must flow]

Further diversity occurring through alternative splicing of CTL1, 4 and 5.
* [Molecular characterization of the family of choline transporter-like proteins and their splice variants](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15715662/?dopt=AbstractPlus)

CTL family members are putative 10TM domain proteins with extracellular termini that mediate Na+-independent transport of choline with an affinity that is intermediate to that of the high affinity choline transporter CHT1 (SLC5A7) and the low affinity organic-cation transporters
* [OCT1 (SLC22A1) and OCT2 (SLC22A2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16636297/?dopt=AbstractPlus)

CLT1 is expressed almost ubiquitously in human tissues and mediates choline transport across the plasma and mitochondrial membranes
* [Characterization of CDw92 as a Member of the Choline Transporter-Like Protein Family Regulated Specifically on Dendritic Cells](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11698453/?dopt=AbstractPlus)
* [The Solute Carrier 44A1 Is a Mitochondrial Protein and Mediates Choline Transport](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19357133/?dopt=AbstractPlus)

Transport of choline by CTL2, which in rodents is expressed as two isoforms (CTL2P1 and CLTP2;) in lung, colon, inner ear and spleen and to a lesser extent in brain, tongue, liver, and kidney, has only recently been demonstrated. CTL3-5 remain to be characterized functionally.
* [Isoforms, Expression, Glycosylation, and Tissue Distribution of CTL2/SLC44A2](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20665236/?dopt=AbstractPlus)
* [Involvement of Choline Transporter-Like Proteins, CTL1 and CTL2, in Glucocorticoid-Induced Acceleration of Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis via Increased Choline Uptake](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20410607/?dopt=AbstractPlus)


### Slc44a1 CTL1 (endothelial?)
https://www.mousephenotype.org/data/genes/MGI:2140592
Stoichiometry Unknown: uptake enhanced in the absence of extracellular Na+, reduced by membrane depolarization, extracellular acidification and collapse of plasma membrane H+ electrochemical gradient.

Choline transporter. May be involved in membrane synthesis and myelin production. CTL1_HUMAN,Q8WWI5

Retina study 2018

### Slc44a2 CTL2
https://www.mousephenotype.org/data/genes/MGI:1915932

### Slc44a3 CTL3
https://www.mousephenotype.org/data/genes/MGI:2384860

[Lean Body mass](https://www.mousephenotype.org/data/charts?accession=MGI:2384860&allele_accession_id=MGI:5613661&parameter_stable_id=IMPC_DXA_003_001&zygosity=homozygote&phenotyping_center=HMGU&pipeline_stable_id=HMGU_001)

### Slc44a4 CTL4
https://www.mousephenotype.org/data/genes/MGI:1917379

### Slc44a5 CTL5
https://www.mousephenotype.org/data/genes/MGI:3035141

## SLC45
## SLC46
Heme carrier protein 1.
[JS says it is not a heme transporter. People in the field are sensitive about it.]

## SLC47
## SLC48
[See also Heme](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2F0j5-3Xy3T4qD17OqJtYjJg)
Heme regulated gene

Hrg1

## SLC49

SLC49A3 // MFSD7
FLVCR Heme Transporter
FLVCR1 // MFSD7B // SLC49A1
FLVCR2 // MFSD7C // SLC49A2
SLC49A4 // DIRC2

## SLC50

SLC50A1
capacity for bidirectional flux of D-glucose [1]. Expression of mouse SWEET in the mammary gland was suggestive of a role in Golgi lactose synthesis

## SLC51
Slc51b
ancient
Organic Solute Transporter Beta Subunit

responsible for bile acid export from enterocytes into portal blood. Efficiently transports the major species of bile acids. Modulates SLC51A glycosylation, membrane trafficking and stability activities

component of the Ost-alpha/Ost-beta complex

## SLC52
vitamin B2/riboflavin

Slc52a1
Solute Carrier Family 52 (Riboflavin Transporter), Member 1

Slc52a2

Slc52a3

## SLC53

## SLC54 Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carriers
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)
MPC1 // BRP44L SLC54A1 mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1
MPC2 // BRP44 SLC54A2 mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2
MPC1L // SLC54A3 mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 like

## SLC55 Mitochondrial Proton/Calcium Exchanger Protein
Letm1 SLC55A1

## SLC56 Sideroflexin

SFXN1 SLC56A1
Sideroflexin 1 - Mitochondrial serine is converted to glycine and formate, which then exits to the cytosol where it is used to generate the charged folates that serve as one-carbon donors (PubMed:30442778)
May be indirectly involved in the transport of a component required for iron utilization into or out of the mitochondria

Sfxn5 SLC56A5?
Citrate transporter

Does not act as a serine transporter: not able to mediate transport of serine into mitochondria (PubMed:30442778). Transports citrate. Parkinson (late onset)

## SLC57
## SLC58
## SLC59
## SLC60
[See Glucose transporers - Slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fRJc4L-S18JDzVGG8jjsrtRxzx6uz177SafU2qn21PA/edit?usp=sharing)
[See SLC2 GLUTs](#SLC2-GLUTs)
[See SLC5 SGLTs](https://hackmd.io/cB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC5)
[See SLC37 Glucose-Phosphate Transporters](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FcB6TLk1tRfGw4PTQCKuhJg#SLC37)

SLC60 Glucose transporters
[Also see Glucose transporters slide](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fRJc4L-S18JDzVGG8jjsrtRxzx6uz177SafU2qn21PA/edit#slide=id.gd1cf9a1603_0_99)

MFSD4A SLC60A1
MFSD4B SLC60A2

## SLC61
## SLC62
## SLC63
## SLC64
## SLC65

## SLC66
5 members
Seemingly aminoacid transporters

### Slc66a1
Responsible for lysine and arginine export from lysosomes [7]

### SLC66a3
Associated with ER

Neighbourhood of: ROCK2, C2orf50, and KCNF1

### Slc66a4
exports Cysteine from lysosomes [(see SLC)](https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=1048&objId=3161#3161)

[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

---

# ATP-Binding cassette ATP transporters
ATP-binding cassette transporters are ubiquitous membrane proteins characterized by active ATP-dependent movement of a range of substrates, including ions, lipids, peptides, steroids

Linnarsson
Abca1 Abca12 Abca13 Abca14 Abca15 Abca16 Abca17 Abca2 Abca3 Abca4 Abca5 Abca6 Abca7 Abca8a Abca8b Abca9 Abcb10 Abcb11 Abcb1a Abcb1b Abcb4 Abcb5 Abcb6 Abcb7 Abcb8 Abcb9 Abcc1 Abcc10 Abcc12 Abcc2 Abcc3 Abcc4 Abcc5 Abcc6 Abcc8 Abcc9 Abcd1 Abcd2 Abcd3 Abcd4 Abce1 Abcf1 Abcf2 Abcf3 Abcg1 Abcg2 Abcg3 Abcg4 Abcg5 Abcg8 Tap1 Tap2
Abca1 Abca12 Abca13 Abca14 Abca15 Abca16 Abca17 Abca2 Abca3 Abca4 Abca5 Abca6 Abca7 Abca8a Abca8b Abca9 Abcb10 Abcb11 Abcb1a Abcb1b Abcb4 Abcb5 Abcb6 Abcb7 Abcb8 Abcb9 Abcc1 Abcc10 Abcc12 Abcc2 Abcc3 Abcc4 Abcc5 Abcc6 Abcc8 Abcc9 Abcd1 Abcd2 Abcd3 Abcd4 Abce1 Abcf1 Abcf2 Abcf3 Abcg1 Abcg2 Abcg3 Abcg4 Abcg5 Abcg8 Tap1 Tap2

[Mini review
Transport of lipids by ABC proteins: Interactions and implications for cellular toxicity, viability and function](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009279709001665?via%3Dihub)

Lipid dependence of ABC transporter localization and function

## ABCA
ABCA1-13

Abca1
Barres: Astro Oligo Endo
MEseq: AStro, tany, ependyme, microg.
HCseq: Glia, Ependyme
"Cholesterol efflux regulatory protein"

[See references ](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1-1lBW21bMPquA8P5VCRHNBahMASEhBCkE1N81bPyQ_k/edit#gid=1362868678&range=B12)

[See Cholesterol](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FgRCfhM49T-yl7l8wFSN1sQ)

Abca2
Barres: Oligo
MEseq: Oligo
HCseq: all
sterol transport (Ohtsuki et al., 2004)
Kaminski et al. (2001) demonstrated that ABCA2 mRNA is induced in human macrophages during cholesterol import, indicating that ABCA2 is a cholesterol-responsive gene
protection against reactive oxygen species?

Abca3
Low in all
Loss-of-function mutations are associated with pulmonary surfactant deficiency

Abca4
Retinal
loss of function mutation cause a buildup of lipofuscin, atrophy of the central retina, and severe progressive loss in vision

## ABCB
ABCB1-11

Abcb1a
Only endo

abcb9
Atp dependent transport of peptides to the lysosome?

## ABCC
ABCC1-12

### ABCC5 // MRP5
[Also see Itih3](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJN5dmhLu/%2FMzwXM7djSWSsucuViZj-0A#ABCC5-MRP5)

[Korolnek 2014. Control of Metazoan Heme Homeostasis by a Conserved Multidrug Resistance Protein](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413114001685?via%3Dihub)

ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 5
Acts as a multispecific organic anion pump which can transport nucleotide analogs. Heme transporter required for the translocation of cytosolic heme to the secretory pathway (PubMed:24836561)

[
Peculiar staining in Cerebellum & Hippocampus - HPA](https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000114770-ABCC5/tissue/cerebellum#img)

[I found this as it is listed as a HA gene]
Hyaluronan export by the ABC transporter MRP5 and its modulation by intracellular cGMP. J Biol Chem. 2007.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17540771/
### ABCC4 // MRP4
Transports a range of endogenous molecules that have a key role in cellular communication and signaling, including cyclic nucleotides such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), bile acids, steroid conjugates, urate, and prostaglandins (PubMed:11856762, PubMed:12883481, PubMed:12523936, PubMed:12835412, PubMed:15364914, PubMed:15454390, PubMed:16282361, PubMed:17959747, PubMed:18300232, PubMed:26721430)
ATP-dependent efflux of glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) too

### ABCC7 (CFTR)
"CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator"

In addition to functioning as a chloride channel, CFTR controls the regulation of other transport pathways

Epithelial ion and water transport and fluid homeostasis

Interact with Slc9a3r1?

### ABCC11/MRP8

Paralog to MRP5, found in primates and dogs but **not rodents**
Located in tandem with MRP9

Gene for **Wet earwax (wet cerumen phenotype)**. is completely dominant to the dry type. (omim)

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes physiological compounds, and xenobiotics from cells.

this gene participates in physiological processes involving bile acids, conjugated steroids, and cyclic nucleotides (genecards)

May play role in secratory glands and steroidal odorants.

### ABCC12 // MRP9
Paralog to MRP5
Located in tandem with MRP9
[
Peculiar staining - HPA](https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000140798-ABCC12/tissue/cerebral+cortex#img)
Probable transporter, its substrate specificity is unknown.

## ABCD
ABCD1
Long fatty acids! CoA
Transports coenzyme A esters of very long chain fatty acids [5-6]. Loss-of-function mutations in ABCD1 (mutation registry held by the Adrenoleukodystrophy database;

Abcd2
Barres: astrocytes
ABCD2 has affinity for the polyunsaturated fatty acids C22:6-CoA and C24:6-CoA. However, in vivo proof for its true function is still lacking. No disease has yet been linked to a deficiency of ABCD2.

Abcd3
High in most cells.

Abcd4
MEseq: Tanycytes
HCseq: C2, C3 - multiple

## ABCG
ABCG1-8

Abcg1
Transports sterols and choline phospholipids

Abcg2
endo
Exhibits a broad substrate specificity, including urate and haem, as well as multiple synthetic compounds

Abcg4
Putative functional dependence on ABCG1

Abcg5
The ABCG5/ABCG8 heterodimer transports phytosterols and cholesterol [2]. Loss-of-function mutations in ABCG5 or ABCG8 are associated with sitosterolemia

Abcg8
The ABCG5/ABCG8 heterodimer transports phytosterols and cholesterol [2]. Loss-of-function mutations in ABCG5 or ABCG8 are associated with sitosterolemia
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

# F-type and V-type ATPases
## F-type ATPase
## V-type ATPase
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

* The V1 motor, responsible for ATP turnover, has eight subunits with a composition of A-H.

* The V0 motor, responsible for ion translocation, has six subunits (a-e).


atp6v0a4 Glial?
atp6v1b1
tcirg1 Glial
atp6v0a2 Glial
atp6v1g3
atp6v1e1
atp6v1f
atp6v1c1
atp6v1g1
atp6v1a
atp6v0e1 (Mm Atp6v0e) Glial
atp6v1d
atp6v0d1
atp6v1h
atp6v1g2
atp6v0a1
atp6v1b2
atp6v1c2
atp6v0c
atp6v0e2
atp6v0b
atp6ap1
atp6v1e2 Astrocytes!
atp6v0d2

# P-type ATPases
## Na+/K+-ATPases
## Ca2+-ATPases
## H+/K+-ATPases
## Cu+-ATPases
## Phospholipid-transporting ATPases
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

# Aquaglycoporins

Aqp7

Aqp9

A
# Other Genes expressed in astrocytes

## Ube2c - Ubiquitin
 
UBE2I
http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/brainseq2/images/Human/UBE2I.png

UBE2S
http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/brainseq2/images/Human/UBE2S.png

UBE2T

# MUC genes "the slime givers"

## MUC1
expressed in astrocytes

# SYNE1
Spectrin Repeat Containing Nuclear Envelope Protein 1

Syne1 -
Syne2 Low

# FATPs Fatty acid transport proteins
[See also SLC27A1](#SLC27-Long-Fatty-acid-transporter)
Transporter of fatty acids

Fatty acid translocase/CD36 (FAT/CD36)
May function in the transport and/or as a regulator of fatty acid transport

Caveolae are specialized flask-shaped microdomains of the plasma membrane, which get their shape from caveolin proteins. They contain signalling and receptor proteins, and fatty acid translocase/CD36. Caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 are found in almost all tissues except in the heart and skeletal muscle, which contain caveolin-3. The role of caveolins in FA transport is yet controversia
Cav1
Cav2

Cav3
Enriched in astrocytes HsGiles

# FATS Adhesion has nothing to do with Fatty acids
## FAT1
"Protocadherin Fat 1"

Astro
Campbell ME: Pars tuberalis (anterior pituatary)
Giles: Somewhat enriched hbuman astro

Development
Essential role for cellular polarization, directed cell migration and modulating cell-cell contact

## FAT2
"Multiple Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Domains Protein 1 "

Low neuron (oldham)
Involved in the regulation of cell migration
cell adhesion molecule, controlling cell proliferation and playing an important role in cerebellum development

## FAT3
"FAT Atypical Cadherin 3"
Astro + neurons
Campbell ME: Tanycytes1
Giles: Astro + neurons.
very low in oligo.

May play a role in the interactions between neurites derived from specific subsets of neurons during development

## FAT4
"Fat-Like Cadherin Protein FAT-J"

Oldham: oligo
Astro neuron OPC endo
Campbell ME: Pars tuberalis (anterior pituatary)
Giles: Oligo

may play a role in regulating planar cell polarity (PCP)

# Mlxipl // ChREBP
Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein

Also gene MLXIP is sugar sensor

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-60903-9
This protein forms a heterodimeric complex and binds and activates, in a glucose-dependent manner, carbohydrate response element (ChoRE) motifs in the promoters of triglyceride synthesis genes

ChREBP is activated by glucose, independent of insulin.[7] In adipose tissue, ChREBP induces de novo lipogenesis from glucose in response to a glucose flux into adipocytes.[8][7] In the liver, glucose induction of ChREBP promotes glycolysis and lipogenesis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4035704

Carbohydrate Sensing Through the Transcription Factor ChREBP
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2019.00472/full

# Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs)
[SLC25](#SLC25-Mitochondrial-transporters-*)

* members of the larger family of mitochondrial anion carrier proteins (MACP)

* UCPs separate oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis with energy **dissipated as heat**, also referred to as the mitochondrial **proton leak**

* Facilitate transfer of anions (protons) from inner to outer mitochondrial membrane and return transfer.
* Reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential in mammalian cells
* Different UCPs have tissue-specific expression
* UCPs contain the three solcar protein domains typically found in MACPs.


* **UCP1** // SLC25A7
* This gene is expressed only in brown adipose tissue, a specialized tissue which functions to produce heat
* Diseases associated with UCP1 include Lipomatosis, Multiple Symmetric and Lipomatosis (growth of uncapsulated masses of adipose tissue. It is associated with high ethanol intake)

* **UCP2** // SLC25A8
* Body Mass Index Quantitative Trait 4
* Microglia?
* This gene is expressed in many tissues, with the greatest expression in skeletal muscle
* Diseases associated with UCP2 include Body Mass Index Quantitative Trait Locus 4 and Hyperinsulinism Due To Ucp2 Deficiency

* **UCP3** // [SLC25A9](#SLC25-Mitochondrial-transporters-*)

[Also see astrocyte genes UCP3](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJN5dmhLu/%2FZuWv1enOSbu-od2ieib3oQ)

- primarily expressed in skeletal muscle. **and Astrocytes**
- protect mitochondria against lipid-induced oxidative stress
- increase when fatty acid supplies to mitochondria exceed their oxidation capacity
- protein enables the export of fatty acids from mitochondria
- Diseases associated with UCP3 include Body Mass Index Quantitative Trait Locus 11 and Diabetes Mellitus, Noninsulin-Dependent
- May play a role in the modulation of tissue respiratory control. Participates in thermogenesis and energy balance

* **UCP4** // SLC25A27
* Neurons?
* Transcripts of this gene are only detected in brain tissue and are specifically modulated by various environmental conditions
* Diseases associated with SLC25A27 include Hepatocellular Carcinoma

* **UCP5** // SLC25A14
* Mitochondrial Carrier, Brain

# Hes genes
* Hes Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1
(transcriptional repressors)

* Hes1, Hes3, Hes5 KO leads to lack of choroid plexus.

__Hes1, astro + endothelial__
* Medulloblastoma and Precursor T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

* Related pathways are Notch Signaling Pathway (WikiPathways) and Signaling by NOTCH1

* May act as a __negative regulator of myogenesis__. (By similarity).

__Hes5 high in astro__
* Diseases associated with HES5 include Large Intestine Adenoma and Chromosome 1P36 Deletion Syndrome.

* Related pathways are Notch Signaling Pathway (WikiPathways) and Signaling by NOTCH1

* Plays an important role as __neurogenesis negative regulator__ (By similarity). HES5_HUMAN,Q5TA89

Hes6 Hs fetal astro