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title: Origin of life
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*Why this page*
I dont have a reference? then why dont you just look one up yourself.
Sharing perspectives is a trust game. Has to be.

"Its like I cant stand not exploring thinking further. Scheiming. Digital hoarding. Not even talk, or test, just simple internal inherently empty logic."

"Everything is but mere islands of stability in an ocean of chaos. But since we can observe patterns, reflections of the world. We see shapes that nature takes."





[Nervsystemets uppkomst. Like all biological changes they tend to happen gradually unless interupted by some sudden unexpected concequence. The earlier decentralized coordinative metabolic network. By its synchronization, with scale lead to size change movement is created. Emergently availalbe to be useful for that organism. May fail. those cases that work are huge success]]
[Neural nets. - Circularization. first unified neurvous system.]

# Geochemical and biochemical co-evolution
Co‐evolution of early Earth environments and microbial life
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-024-01044-y







# Eukaryotes and the GOE.
Eukaryotes triggered the GOE by coupling the absorption of co2, to the use of Oxygen.
Photosynthesis coupled to cellular respiration.

two flavours same Original Cycle.

Still remains in plants that require respiration during night.

This is when







# Size
https://theconversation.com/why-evolution-often-favours-small-animals-and-other-organisms-227524

Large animals tend to take longer to grow and reach maturity, so they reproduce more slowly.

While mice have a short generation time (how long it takes a newborn to grow up and give birth) of about 12 weeks, elephants take closer to 25 years.

Large species tend to evolve more slowly. 

Large species tend to evolve more slowly and may be less able to cope with longer-term changes in the physical and biological environment.

Larger organisms also tend to fare worse at mass extinction events.

Being very big requires much more specialisation and slower reproduction, and both reduce the chances of surviving environmental upheaval.
[but also avoid the niche of small things] 

[being big is a specialisation. I.e. To put compete using size has specialisation costs, and become a "bigger energy system".] 

[The energy pyramid is real. Must be ecologists out there that are describing this]

[being multicellular, big (and complex-er) means you enter a new niche. You get less sensitive to the smaller organisms impact. But more sensitive to an environment that is not stable. This means in stable environments bigGer IS better.
Falls under that complexity increase with Environmental stability.] 

Evolutionary theories has lots of explanatory power but little accuracy and little  to be proven

# keyexperiments

## 1861 Butlerov Autocatalytic formose reaction
[See Sheet FA-Melt-Formose reaction](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1m2mHV2WSeV8XSYT9GT5xUU0FTjzT41Dw8M_lFFnn8Wo/edit#gid=993068599&range=A13)

**Origin of life**
leads from simple formaldehyde CH2O to complex sugars like ribose, a building block of RNA



Aleksandr Butlerov in 1861

![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkPpbTYOT.png)

The reaction is catalyzed by a base and a divalent metal such as calcium


## 1952 Miller and Urey experiment
Reducing conditions

Earth's atmosphere: methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ammonia (NH3).

Electrical discharge. 

various types of amino acids, sugars, lipids, and other organic molecules had been formed.

## The experiment of Juan Oro 1963
Oró replicated the conditions of the Miller and Urey experiment, which produces cyanide derivatives in large quantities

hydrocyanic acid), plus ammonia and water

Synthesise adenine 


## Sydney Fox experiment 1972
proteinoid microspherules

## 2020 Nick Lane theorist
https://profiles.ucl.ac.uk/11719-nick-lane/publications

2020 How energy flow shapes cell evolution

2012 The origin of membrane bioenergetics

2011 The costs of breathing

2010 The energetics of genome complexity

2023 Prebiotic Synthesis of Aspartate Using Life’s Metabolism as a Guide

2022 Do Soluble Phosphates Direct the Formose Reaction towards Pentose Sugars?


# Melt
Chemistry. Biology. Systems.
Metabolic plastiticy 
. decreasing with differentiation?


[I dont see it as the cell "eating" glucose. It does, massively. But it runs on it. Constantly. Its the baseline access to energy for many cells.]
[Cells are different. First algae stored as carbohydrates. CO2 fixing plants.]
[sugar is the basic metabolites going into and out of a cell perhaps. Its does not mean its the only possible energy form, or that it in itself is the soul source of fuel]
[glucose is stable in water at temperatures, and is much of what the cell is full off.]
linear sugars. Fructose?
[entropy likes stable and simple but flexible stable systems.]





Kinetics of CO2 Absorption by Calcium Looping in Molten Halide Salts☆

 In CCMS, the active substances (CaO/CaCO3) are dissolved or partly dissolved in molten salts, allowing fast reaction kinetics, high CO2 sorption capacities, and avoiding solids attrition issues


[phosphor steals oxygen/ quenching the reaction?]
[In plants before GOE, phosphor acted as a buffer of oxygen, so the algae could regulate its polyol formation]

The P=O. bond, with its bond energy of 575 kJ mol−1, is one of the strongest double bonds in chemistry,


atp as a way to remove phosphor from the mitochondria. Enabling free use of oxygen. Phosphor as an oxygen carrier. might be requried for reaction. 
Phoshors saturation with oxygen, keeps oxygen available
CaO CaO3. Calcium-Oxide gets hydrated and provides energy to reaction. Increases volume? = increases pressure? Removes H20 both by sequester and by solidifying/expanding, drawing lowering H20 per volume.
Generates CaOH
these are then shifted around driving the breakdown of polyols into acetyl/CO2/HCO3.

HCO3 removal or its condensation. determines the outfall of the reaction.
While phosphor is required. To enable available oxygen.
Nitrogen, remains an unfortunate conjugation by product. The ASH.

# Proteins as entropically favoured stable islands

An optimized quantitative proteomics method establishes the cell type-resolved mouse brain secretome
[Does this include non-ribosomal protiens? What is the cut-off.]


# OoL and lipids
[2023 Santos](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163782723000437) The fats of the matter: Lipids in prebiotic chemistry and in origin of life studies





# choline and prebiotic lipids?

"Here, we describe potentially prebiotic syntheses of a diverse array of complex phospholipids and their building blocks. First, we show that choline could have been produced on early Earth by stepwise N-methylation of ethanolamine."

[![17442144882156118152198261118932](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkMx5MNRye.gif)](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.3c07319)

MeNH2 // Methylamine

[compare to my ideas of quartenary nitrogen as a sequester of carbon dioxide.]
[sulfur caged vs nitrogen caged cations]




# Hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline - overoxidized carbon
Hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline. These are found in the protein collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein made up of three polypeptides that form a stable assembly, but only if the proline and lysine residues are hydroxylated.




# Proline as a variation of fundamental cellular communication.
[See TCA](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1OBWe0RZk7GlKqi6yrUXaou-iYRY9BSwG5OhjTSUT1u0/edit#slide=id.g2826f6a8b75_0_84)
N-Acyl-Homoserine lactone (AHLs)
AHLs contributes to regulate the transcription of specific genes and therefore expression of specific phenotypes, including growth, virulence, biofilm formation, bioluminescence, production of exopolysaccharide (EPS)






## Phosphate
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyFYsbwh3.png)

# Sulphobes
Herrera

Ammonium thioCyanate and formaldehyde.

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJqox0ZMT.png =300x)



# Polyols
Pentitol


Sorbitol

[Adding CO2 = proline. How does sugarfats behave at physiological temperatures (often miss-assumptioned) more relevant temperature.)]

Biologi some ett system som skiljer oss fran det som inte lever. Det som ar konsekvensen av det som ar fysik och kemi. Ar detta ens sant?. 
All kemi. All fysik. (inte all matte).
Relevans. Allt ar att doppa tan i universum.




Pyrrolidine
Formation of Pyrrolidine and water.
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1eV6M833.png)
1,4-Butanediol and ammonia forms 
<br>
<br><br>
<br><br>
<br>
<br>











# Oxygen is introduced 




![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SybPBs5Ph.png)

Prevalence of oxygen

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkWHdoYY2.png)
The bump iN life and oxygen? As the eukaryote Enabled massively Increased p 



2 Ba [Eukaryotic cells probably evolved about 2 billion years ago](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Introductory_Biology_(CK-12)/05%3A_Evolution/5.07%3A_Evolution_of_Eukaryotes#:~:text=Eukaryotic%20cells%20probably%20evolved%20about,of%20eukaryotes%20we%20know%20today.)


1.7 Ba [Multicellular organisms evolved from unicellular eukaryotes at least 1.7 billion years ago.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/#:~:text=Multicellular%20organisms%20evolved%20from%20unicellular,single%20cells%20to%20multicellular%20organisms.)

[That is endosymbiont was before multicellular life. This could mean that the uptake of the future mitochondria - and thus the coordination of two genomes - in turn paved the way for multicellular life. Where genomes where not in the same "unit", yet their activities are (in some ways) functionally integrated]



You can ask AI, but it will only give you associations somehow. [interpretation.] From the data already available. It sums data, gives a good output. Not neccessarily any new insights. It fits new data, into old insights.
[If this is true, science will go even more aligned. Where only stuff that fits the old stuff is presented. Also, those suggestive associations, need to be experimentally tested. Otherwise they are like someonetying their shoes. Novely, explicit but not real]

300 Ma
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ0kGpFFh.png)


![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryFqMTYtn.png)



![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJdpuiYY3.png)
Extinction event?
350-300 Ma Oxygen tops out at 35%
250 Ma Drops to 15%
100 Ma Gradually increase to 30%. 12 





66 Ma
Approximately 66 million years ago, immediately after the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction that famously killed off most dinosaurs, there was a dramatic increase in evidence of fungi, apparently due to the death of most plant and animal species, creating a huge fungal bloom like "a massive compost heap".[38] The lack of K-T extinction in fungal evolution is also supported by molecular data, because phylogenetic comparative analyses of a tree consist of 5,284 mushroom species (Agaricomycetes) didn't show signal for a mass extinction event around the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.[39]


# Bacteria
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bkl94b2lT.png)
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-562


# Cyanobacteria
[See Cyanobacteria](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FoPbOiAlDT7aXaoSArL5Wxw)



# "Theory: Jumps in metabolism.
==Like branches growing in width. The center of a tree trunk represents that original unique shape that maintain its structure as the tree grows.
This makes me think of how underlying systems define those more complex stapled ontop.==




Protist in eukaryot.
fungi to animal
animal to mammal.
mammal to human
human to Tamed fire... and beyond.
There is seemingly an urge over evolutionary time leading to us that is defined by an every growing rate of energy conversion in our metabolism.

Nowdays in modern man the energy we weild is vast. Our currently most trusted theory basd on fossil and evolutionary records show this increase has been gradual and did not appear suddenly, albeit in jumps.

This increase is as facinating as it is disturbing. It falsly implies that this is our only way forward. Stephen hawking quote. glowing sphere of fire.

However life is complex and its progress not always written in beforehand. (dinasaur astroid paving the ground for mammals, it is here important to remember that you dont have to believe in that specific cathastrophe, but rather just accept that these kind of cataclysmic changes in environment can shape who survives, and hence which DNA molecules that get passed on. There are (?) plenty of examples of animals that have changed from cundcuting much energy to less energy. Miniturization of species are perhaps the most relatable, which can occur in energy restricted 


# Bivax och människor Royal Jelly
Mrjp1 - homolog to Catalase
Mrjp2
Mrjp3
Mrjp4
Represents ~80% of protein in Royal Jelly


# Nitrogen and the origin of life

[See Nitrogen - Biological](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FArCkz8toQhGjqgrM4CQUQw)

[Evolution of bacterial denitrification and denitrifier diversity](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6762849/)

<p style="color:Blue"> 
- "Little is known about the role of nitrate in evolution of bacterial energy-generating mechanisms. Denitrifying bacteria are commonly regarded to have evolved from nitrate-respiring bacteria. Some researchers regard denitrification to be the precursor of aerobic respiration; others feel the opposite is true."
</p>


Coalesce: come together to form one mass or whole.
"the puddles had coalesced into shallow streams"


The pH of natural rainwater is slightly acidic, around 5.6, because carbon dioxide dissolves in water and forms carbonic acid. Human blood has a pH of 7.3-7.5. Seawater has a pH of 7.8-8.3

[does this suggest that pre-oxidation event, there was more co2 in atmosphere and therefore, more acidic rain.
Would this provide rain water pools that naturally evaporate to become more ACidic? This is important to establish the conditions For the "Origin" of life. ] 

[compare to the diametrical idea of life origin in alkaline lakes]



Each organism has an optimum range of pH tolerance, since pH governs most basic metabolic processes within cells, as well as molecular transport through cell walls. The pH of a solution controls mineral solubility, solubility and structure of organic molecules, and protein structure.






# Combustion
==In complete combustion, the reactant will burn in oxygen, producing a limited number of products. When a hydrocarbon burns in oxygen, the reaction will only yield carbon dioxide and water. When a hydrocarbon or any fuel burns in air, the combustion products will also include nitrogen.==

[This type of information, you can barely get through university books.]
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Combustion#:~:text=In%20complete%20combustion%2C%20the%20reactant,products%20will%20also%20include%20nitrogen.

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryFQOgqKn.png)



# Ash

# Nitrogen ASH?
In a world where Nitrogen used to be the main electron stealing oxidizing agent. Once oxygen took over, Nitrogen with its lower potential remain as ash.
Its a fundamental emergent shift in the metabolism of 



![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ry_g8pESn.png =100x)
Ethanolamine
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJfWUaVBn.png =100x) :arrow_right: ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkNtzm9Bn.png =50x)

2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol is a precursor to oxazoline (cyclic carbons with N)

What does this signify? That nitrogen is somehow driving aromatiZation?
That nitrogen facilitates the formation of cyclic carbons. [That those structureS form more readily when nitrogen is introduced? ]

esters can be broken by h20. Is nitrogen esters more or less resilient? 



![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/By6-LpES2.png =100x)

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJPz8p4rh.png =300x)
Sphingosine.
Classified as lipid, but essentially an amino acid. 
An elongated sticky (hydrogen and p-orbitals) 

Could these in theory be part of proteins? 
Are ribosomes actively sorting these away? What that restriction about? What is its local logic? 

# Ash revisited 2030701
Wood also produces Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as it burns. NOx is an acidic compound that combines with water easily in the atmosphere, forming the infamous acid rain.

nitrogen of the fuel is converted in relatively high amounts to NO and to a lesser extent to N2O during the combustion process (refer to Wartha et al., 1997)

NO is a harmful pollutant causing direct injuries of the respiratory organs and is the precursor for acid rain and ground-level ozone. N2O is a very strong greenhouse gas and destroys ozone in the stratosphere.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2020.560849/ful
[This paper is discusSing carbon capture using amines.
this illustrates how efficiently amines are in binding and thereby separating out a co2 phase from a non-co2 phase (as seen in amine-alcohol mixes. . This is why nitrogen are needed in a particular concentration. As long as it facilitates extraction of co2.] 
[







# Ash

What is ash?
Ash are the bits tog a fire that cannot be combusted.
They are in a real science the interactIon point between the Substrate, Cambridge the product the energy Of the actual interface of combustion and 

Ash is left over when the coal has väburnef away. And ash is rich in nitrogen.
[Absolutely not. wood ash contains no nitrogen.]

In a very similar scene the ash needs to "fall" away in order to expose more substrate. 

This metaphor can also be used to understand other oxidation events. That if the bed Of smoldering coal"activated" Coal-being oxidzed". Can be so big that it consumes all the oxygen available. This leads to incomplete combustion.

What then is the metaphor of embers vs a flame? 

[this is right now extremely convincing]

We didn't tame fire we joined forces. 

# ash 3


![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJ5qOyKPn.png)

Alcohols have higher melting temp than amines.

DiMethyl etHylamine. It's boiling temp is 36dC. 

"Primary and secondary amines have higher boiling points than those of alkanes or ethers of similar molar mass because they can engage in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Their boiling points are lower than those of alcohols because alcohol molecules have hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom, which is more electronegative." 

(vore kul om det faktiskt fanns olja före liv och vi uppstod ur det.)
(kan det ha funnits olja före liv?) 
(om svaret är ja, är det extremt rimligt att liv uppstod ur den.

Vad är olja? 

## shape of ash
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkyGTLK_h.png)





![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HynBreYwh.png)

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/boiling-melting-organic-nitrogen-amine-pyrrole-pyridine-piperidine-quinoline-structure-density-molweight-d_1947.html
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r15Jwetv2.png)

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ4CYxYDn.png)

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hymfqltv2.png)


![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hy5WqxtPh.png)

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rknm9lYw2.png)
Pyridines


Chargaff's rule
Stating bases are equal each other. A-g c-t-u
From a metabolic flow perspective. This suggest A main  metabolic stability in the celL are the flows matching up the amount of A-to-G.

[It might be the case we will never be able to interpret genetic code in an understandable way.

Not all science has its origin in logic. However logic is the only tool we have to analyze a question.

It is okay to ask questions that are not logical. But have to be approached Using logic. 

the world's relationships are not always logical from ouR perspective.I am but we can only understand things logically connected.] 
The lower resolution of some fields of understanding does not mean they are meaningless
Rather more important as they are the few bits describing that part (of the overall system). 


# Sabine 4 origin approaches

## 1. Bottom Up. Synthesis - Lightning and Ocean vents.**

Atmosphere being reduced or not? 
That if an impact (moon) would deliver iron, then FeO could form---somthing somthng,


Creation and Evolution of Impact-generated Reduced Atmospheres of Early Earth
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/ab7e2c

[![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1OkmwaVn.png)](https://youtu.be/7yOiZLHDV3U?t=632)

## 2. Top Down. Genomes // LUCA.
Start with organisms today and traces of them. Deconstruct into parts and figure out how they came toghether.
LUCA - Genomes. Fossils.

## 3. RNA-Lipid-Protein- world.
Theories starting from one intermediary state to see how that could evolve.

Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds

[2017 Paerce. PNAS. Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1710339114)

2020 Bruce Damer and David Deamer
The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life

"Nucleobases came from outerspace"

## 4. Metabolic cycles
Autocatalytic chemical networks at the origin of metaboliam
[Royal society. 2020.](https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.2377)

2022 Small Molecule autolytic networks are universal metabolic fossils
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1Qd_aT43.png)

==[!!!]===

# Multicellularity

[Abca7](https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ABCA7)
found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes

"Astrocyte marker"

ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 7 


# Atmosphere's where its at.
[Prebiotic chemistry and atmospheric warming of early Earth by an active young Sun](https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2719)

![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryMFRM35R.png)
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4834/5/2/10
![earth-05-00010-g003-550](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1YkgQ2cA.jpg)
![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1MWxmn50.png)
![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkHMlQ35A.png)

## Formation of Amino Acids and Carboxylic Acids in Weakly Reducing Planetary Atmospheres 

[Formation of Amino Acids and Carboxylic Acids in Weakly Reducing Planetary Atmospheres by Solar Energetic Particles from the Young Sun](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/5/1103)


# Interesting compound
Diiron propanedithiolate hexacarbonyl
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S167t2Zt2.png)

FeS covered by CO from C02. Possible before oxygenation event.
Produces H2.

Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)6

2 Fe3(CO)12 + 3 C3H6(SH)2 → 3 Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)6 + 3 H2 + 6 CO

Upon irradiation of Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)6 with ultraviolet (UV) light, CO-photolysis occurs with the transient formation of the unsaturated species followed by the formation of the solvent adduct.[5]

# Earth
Internal oxygen regulation of the earth mantle.

Mineralogy of the deep lower mantle in the presence of H2O 
https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/8/4/nwaa098/5836735

 Depending on Mg content and geotherm temperatures, the transformation may occur at 1800 km for (Mg0.6Fe0.4)O or beyond 2300 km for (Mg0.7Fe0.3)O. The (Mg, Fe)O2Hx is an oxygen excess phase that stores an excessive amount of oxygen beyond the charge balance of maximum cation valences (Mg2+, Fe3+ and H+). This important phase has a number of far-reaching implications including extreme redox inhomogeneity, deep-oxygen reservoirs in the DLM and an internal source for modulating oxygen in the atmosphere.

Scientists think that a radical geologic change about 500 million years ago caused this inner inner core to develop.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/core/
[Correlating with emergence of multicellular life.]
[If soemthing changed in the core, then we acetylene can form spontanously? Then bacteria could live off this.Fermentation?]

# Continental drift.

What is really the interaction between a metal core of earth, the vast magenetic fields. Do they interact with the Metals in the crust?

Heavy metals should be contained at core, or inside. Stratificaiton of earths inner core. Ordered according to chemcial relationships?

If mantle circulation, some heavy species will be lifted like ash in the wind. If get to 


The geology frontier is also how does the inner molten mass of the earth work? - compare to inner molten mass of cell. Not that they are similar. But that they are the same type of state of matter.

...light didnt start nature. Light was an accelerating factor. the mass of earth itself had a metabolism. Just like other planets.







# Humidity




![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJsszbRgn.png =200x)


![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1KfM-Cln.png =500x)



 efflorescence is the migration of a salt to the surface of a porous material, where it forms a coating
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJXwMWCgh.png =200x)

![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByzzzY84p.png)

[Lithium stabilizes PO4. Rela]

## Deliquescence
**Deliquescence**, the process by which a substance absorbs moisture from the atmosphere until it dissolves in the absorbed water and forms a solution.

Deliquescence, like hygroscopy, is also characterized by a strong affinity for water and tendency to absorb moisture from the atmosphere if exposed to it.

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByzxZZCgh.png)

*Unlike hygroscopy*, however, deliquescence involves absorbing sufficient water to form an aqueous solution. "To dissolve"

Most deliquescent materials are salts, including:

calcium chloride, 
magnesium chloride, 
zinc chloride, 
ferric chloride, 
carnallite, 
potassium carbonate, 
potassium phosphate, 
ferric ammonium citrate, 
ammonium nitrate, 
potassium hydroxide, and 
sodium hydroxide.

OH

## Mirabilite
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyhprZRxn.png)

Na2SO4·10H2O

Sodium
sulphur

Mirabilite is used as a purgative and anti-inflammatory remedy in the Traditional Chinese medicine

[Softness of hydrated salt crystals under deliquescence](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36834-0)


## Carnallite
KMgCl3·6(H2O)


an "**evaporite mineral**"

Synthetic carnallite crystal specimens can be produced from 1.5 mole percent KCl and 98.5 mole percent MgCl2·6H2O by slow crystallization at 25 °C.[8] Its density is 1.602 g/cm3

Carnallite can also be produced by grinding the combination of hydrated magnesium chloride and potassium chloride
[Yes wiki has a reference]

Carnallite is also deliquescent in high humidity. This implies that it is also extremely soluble in water.[See above]

# Calcium (bi)carbonate
[See Calcium](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/%2FuAtidaIiS6qqdMBPI4CLNA#Calcium-In-solutions)

CaCO~3~ and Ca (CO~3~)^2^


# Ikatite
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Sy6jZ5Gc3.png)

In essence bicarbonate being dissolved forms these formation.
Only happens as low temperature. 8 °C.

An unusual form of calcium carbonate is the hexahydrate ikaite, CaCO3·6H2O. Ikaite is stable only below 8 °C.

Cold water is certainly required for formation, and nucleation inhibitors like phosphate ions for the growth of anhydrous calcium carbonate phases, such as calcite, aragonite, and vaterite probably aid its formation and preservation.

The structure of ikaite consists of an ion pair of (Ca2+CO32−)0 surrounded by a cage of hydrogen-bonded water molecules which serve to isolate one ion pair from another.

[Swainson, I. P.; Hammond, R. P. (2003). Hydrogen bonding in ikaite,](https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.1180/0026461036730117)

To the best of our knowledge, there are no other compounds isostructural to ikaite

librations centred about the O2 atoms. This growth of this libration may be related to the increasing tendency of ikaite to decompose at temperatures much above 0ºC

Ikaite nucleation at 35 °C challenges the use of glendonite as a paleotemperature indicator.

However, several laboratory experiments have shown that the mineral can nucleate at temperatures>7 °C. Here we investigate the nucleation range for ikaite as a function of temperature and pH. We found that ikaite precipitated at temperatures of at least 35 °C at pH 9.3 −10.3 from a mixture of natural seawater and sodium carbonate rich solution. At pH 9.3, we observed pseudomorphic replacement of ikaite by porous calcite during the duration of the experiment (c. 5 hours).

[Ikaite nucleation at 35 °C challenges the use of glendonite as a paleotemperature indicator](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64751-5)
Melt



# Calcite Vaterite Aragonite
[There is no clear separation between mineralology and biology - SH]

![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1Il-jU46.png)
Aragonite 2.83 - 2.95 g/cm³
calcite 2.71 g/cm³
Valerite 2 711 g/cm³

[In theory it is possible Aragonite forms in mitochondria? Cracking it. Releasing heat. unlikely....]

![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkNXkdCNC.png)

[1998 The transformation of vaterite to calcite: effect of the conditions of the solutions in contact with the mineral phase](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022024898003856)

[![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJ9IQORVR.png)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884623002880)
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of vaterite and calcite showing distinct morphologies. (a) Vaterite; (b) Calcite.

## Vaterite
![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJghaGOCEA.png)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaterite
 polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
 
 "mu-calcium carbonate (μ-CaCO3)"
 
Vaterite, like aragonite, is a metastable phase of calcium carbonate at ambient conditions at the surface of the Earth. As it is less stable than either calcite or aragonite, vaterite has a higher solubility than either of these phases. Therefore, once vaterite is exposed to water, it converts to calcite (at low temperature) or aragonite (at high temperature: ~60 °C)

**At 37 °C for example a solution-mediated transition from vaterite to calcite occurs**, where the vaterite dissolves and subsequently precipitates as calcite assisted by an Ostwald ripening process.[5]

However, vaterite does occur naturally in mineral springs, **organic tissue**, **gallstones**, **urinary calculi** and **plants**. In those circumstances, some impurities (metal ions or organic matter) may stabilize the vaterite and prevent its transformation into calcite or aragonite. Vaterite is usually colorless.

Vaterite can be produced as the first mineral deposits repairing natural or experimentally-induced shell damage in some aragonite-shelled mollusks (e.g. gastropods). Subsequent shell deposition occurs as aragonite. In 2018, vaterite was identified as a constituent of a deposit formed on the leaves of Saxifraga at Cambridge University Botanic Garden


## Aragonite
![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJv0Aw0VR.png)

 polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

pseudo-hexagonal forms. Aragonite may be columnar or fibrous, occasionally in branching helictitic forms called flos-ferri ("flowers of iron") from their association with the ores at the Carinthian iron mines.[6]


![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1FTA9UNp.png)

Aragonite (Flos Ferri)
![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hk5zJs8Ea.png)

The formation of aragonite at temperatures and pressures where calcite should be the stable polymorph may be an example of Ostwald's step rule, where a less stable phase is the first to form.[28]


![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BknT1iUV6.png)

## Densities
Aragonite 2.83 - 2.95 g/cm³
calcite 2.71 g/cm³
Valerite 2 711 g/cm³


# Abelsonite
![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyMExsLEa.png)
![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S12KCP0EC.png)

Abelsonite
The mineral probably formed from diagenesis of chlorophyll, likely chlorophyll a, which was transported as an aqueous solution into a favorable geologic setting.

# Abiogenic oil
asthenosphere
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/41889

## **Milestones of the theory of abiogenic deep origin of hydrocarbons**

[2013 Vladimir G. Kutcherov](https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.5772/51549)
[Hittar inte denna artikeln utanfor scihub?]

According to the theory of the abyssal abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons the following conditions are necessary for the synthesis of hydrocarbons:

- adequately high pressure and temperature;

- donors/sources of carbon and hydrogen;

- a thermodynamically favorable reaction environment.




Theoretical calculations based on methods of modern statistical thermodynamics have established that:

- polymerization of hydrocarbons takes place in the temperature range 600-1500 degrees C and at pressures range of 20-70 kbar [Kenney et al., 2002];

- these conditions prevail deep in the Earth at depths of 70-250 km [Carlson et al. 2005].


**Thermobaric conditions**

The asthenosphere is the layer of the Earth between 80-200 km below the surface. In the asthenosphere the temperature is still relatively high but the pressure is greatly reduced comparably with the low mantle. This creates a situation where the mantle is partially melted. The asthenosphere is a plastic solid in that it flows over time. If hydrocarbon fluids could be generated in the mantle they could be generated in the asthenosphere zone only. In the paper [Green et al. 2010] published in Nature the modern considerations about thermobaric conditions on the depth down to 200 km are shown (Fig. 2).

## Vladimir Kutcherov
Vladimir Kutcherov
Royal Institute of Technology Sweden
Vladimir G. Kutcherov graduated from the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (Moscow) as a petroleum engineer in 1977. He is currently an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Energy Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm), and a Professor at the Department of Physics at Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (Moscow). His main research interests deal with the problem of the origin of hydrocarbons and oil and gas deposits accumulation. Prof. Kutcherov and his international collaborators have published a set of papers in PNAS, Nature Geoscience, Review of Geophysics, where the possibility of abiogenic synthesis of complex hydrocarbon systems was convincingly demonstrated.




# Iron

See [Iron]

Unless 100+ years of studying solar system formation didn't get us anywhere then you'd actually predict that mars would have less iron than earth (in relative terms). This is because the further out in the solar system you go, the lighter the materials that make up the celestial bodies become. You start off with the inner planets for example, which are made of rock and metal. At its most extreme is mercury, which has a metallic core that makes up the vast majority of its volume. As you start to move to the outer parts, there's much less metal. Even further out rocky material starts to peter until you're just left with frozen ices and covalent compounds. This pattern exists because when the solar system formed the heavier materials condensed near the centre while the lighter gases were blown away to the edges. Mars, being the last terrestrial planet, should have formed in an orbit that had less iron and heavy materials than earth and all the other rocky bodies.

However, its good to bet that on average there is more relative iron on mars surface than there is on earth. This would be because despite it's lower abundance of iron overall, it's much more spread out among the lithosphere rather than being entirely concentrated deep in its core like on earth. Mars being smaller planet might not have ever built up enough heat during its formation to completely liquefy its surface, which a planet needs in order for the heavier materials to sink to the centre, making differentiated layers such as the ones we see on earth like the crust, core and mantle etc. Don't get me wrong, mars does have these differentiated layers, but they probably aren't as pronounced as they are here on earth. This is what I think we can safely say is thus the reason for mar's red surface, despite it's location in the solar system.

[Could it be that earth is special because it is extremely good at conducting heat/energy. It chemical composition allows energy to transform from system to system until radiates off.] 

If mars and earth collided, we might have taken most of its hydrogen and some of its core. Especially if earth was than mars pre-collision.

This would mean earth gets a larger than expected core of iron, generating a magnetic field. But also solar wind effects.

The increase in mass, would mean that earth started gliding toward the sun, and mars toward jupiter. This would be slow at first, but as jupiter looses its grip on us, we would fall toward the sun increasingly fast.

This hypothesis predicts: progressive Increasing distance between mars and earth. progressive, with X^3?^ distance earth mars.
Three factors, sun, jupiter, earth-mars mass shift.





# Dose crazy russians - organophosphorous compounds

[2019. Aqueous systems based on organophosphorous compounds in low concentrations: Interconnection of self-organization and biological properties](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10426507.2018.1540485?journalCode=gpss20)


[See Electronegativity](https://hackmd.io/@sholmqvist/BJpKurTBB/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2F-ZzBLCiNTciSY8_e7Ow2wQ#Electronegativity)

[Organophosphorus chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphorus_chemistry)


![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rk5TvE6rh.png)
Phosphor is larger and therefore bind slightly weaker than Nitrogen. Both are MORE electronegative (wants to attract electrons.)

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJLsdEaHn.png)

![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJuWV8aH2.png)


![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r11V4IpS2.png)
