---
title: Carnosine
disqus: hackmd
---
Carnosine
===
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> Documentation [name=MrDr.Staffan]
###### tags: `page`, `carnosine`
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### Table of Contents
[TOC]
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[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

**Why this page?**
Confused with Carni*tine*

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**Separate?**

**Carnosine** 
Synthesises from Histidine & beta-alanine.

[See subsection](#Carnosine)

**Homocarnosine**(?)
GABA + histidine
[See subsection](#Homocarnosine)

**Anserine**
Synthesises from Methyl-histidine & beta-alanine.

[See subsection](#Anserine)
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# Carnosine
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

* (CarnOSINE & carnITINE were discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich: 1867–1933)

* **Histidine** + **beta-alanine** (is the limiting substrate)
* Scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes formed from peroxidation of cell membrane fatty acids

Carnosinemia (Carnosinase) CNSN = a genetic locus

**Carnosine synthase** = CARNS1
family of ATPases, catalyzes the formation of carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and **homocarnosine** (gamma-aminobutyryl-L-histidine), which are found mainly in skeletal muscle and the **central nervous system**, respectively (Drozak et al., 2010 [PubMed 20097752]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

Carnosine Dipeptidase 1 = **CNDP1 = Carnosinase 1**
Member of the M20 metalloprotease family. Specifically expressed in the brain, is a homodimeric dipeptidase which was identified as human carnosinase. Diseases associated with CNDP1 include Homocarnosinosis and **Microvascular Complications Of Diabetes 3**. Among its related pathways are Arginine and proline metabolism and beta-Alanine metabolism (KEGG)

Carnosine Dipeptidase 2 = CNDP2
Diseases associated with CNDP2 include Penile Cancer and Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Among its related pathways are Glutathione metabolism and Arginine and proline metabolism. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include hydrolase activity and metallopeptidase activity

Carnosine N-Methyltransferase 1 CARNMT1


* Buffers pH in muscle cells, and acts as a **neurotransmitter** in the brain. It is also a zwitterion, a neutral molecule with a positive and negative end

* There are no plant-based sources of carnosine.

* Carnosine can chelate divalent metal ions


# Homocarnosine
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)

Brain-specific dipeptide of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine


dipeptidase = Enzyme that splits splits dipeptides into their two amino acid constituents

# Anserine
[Top](#Table-of-Contents)


[Top](#Table-of-Contents)