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# System prepended metadata

title: Introduction to O-RAN and 5G Standard

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# Introduction to O-RAN and 5G Standard
[TOC]
## 5G Operation Mode
There are two major ways being developed to deploy 5G radio: Non-Standalon (NSA) mode and Standalone (SA) mode which are shown in figure down below.
![](https://i.imgur.com/xAb99VK.png)
In NSA mode, the 5G radio (known as gNB) is collocated with an LTE base station (eNB) and connects to the 4G core (EPC) over the standard S1-U interface for user-plane traffic. Control-plane communications (e.g., for session and mobility management) between the network and device remains on the LTE radio and therefore, the 4G core. In this mode, the 5G radio acts as a secondary serving cell to boost throughput and capacity. It is in some ways similar to the user of LTE-Licensed Assisted access small cells in combination with the licensed LTE anchor. This doesn’t require the NG core and is attractive to some operators. In SA mode, the 5G NR or the evolved LTE radio cells and the core network are operated alone. This means that the NR or evolved LTE radio cells are used for both control plane and user plane. To deploy 5G in SA mode requires a new core – the NG Core.
## O-RAN Alliance
O-RAN Alliance founded by AT&T, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, NTT DOCOMO and Orange in Feb 2018. This organization has two principles: openness and intelligence. Openness concluded from open interfaces and open source. Open interfaces enable multi-vendor deployments and let smaller vendors/operators to introduce their own services. Meanwhile, open sources are about software/hardware reference designs enable faster, democratic, and permission-less innovation. Intelligence is leverage learning technologies to automate operational network functions and reduce OPEX.
## O-RAN Architecture
The reference O-RAN architecture introduced by the O-RAN Alliance was envisioned with an eye towards next-gen RAN infrastructure with virtualized RAN on open hardware and artificial intelligence intrinsic to radio control. Functional modules of O-RAN architecture include the RIC non-Real-Time layer to perform operations including policy management and analytics, and the RIC near Real-Time layer to perform time sensitive functions such as load balancing, handover and interference detection. Layer integration allows the RIC near Real-Time layer to benefit from intelligently trained models and real time control functions distributed by the RIC non-Real-Time layer. The multi-RAT CU protocol stack, deployed on a virtualization platform, supports protocol processing for 4G or 5G while establishing security isolation and virtual resource allocation, among other functions. The open radio unit (O-RU) and open distributed unit (O-DU) elements are integrated through an O RAN fronthaul interface with a well-defined lower level split (LLS) that supports eCPRI and RoE. 



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# Comment
5G research so far is still discussing the radio part which is Open RAN. Several organizations determine specifications for O-RAN, one of this organizations is the O-RAN Alliance.

# Discussion with Team
- Create online meetings via google meet to discuss assignments and partner introduction videos.
- Each member did a slide presentation and introduced themselves.
- Choose partner to make video about introduce our partner.
