# 2023q1 Homework3 (fibdrv) contributed by < [seasonwang0905](https://github.com/seasonwang0905/fibdrv) > ## 實驗環境 ``` $ uname -r 5.19.0-35-generic $ gcc --version gcc (Ubuntu 11.3.0-1ubuntu1~22.04) 11.3.0 $ lscpu Architecture x86_64 PU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Address sizes: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 6 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-5 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-9500 CPU @ 3.00GHz CPU family: 6 Model: 158 Thread(s) per core: 1 Core(s) per socket: 6 Socket(s): 1 Stepping: 10 CPU max MHz: 4400.0000 CPU min MHz: 800.0000 BogoMIPS: 6000.00 L1d cache: 192 KiB (6 instances) L1i cache: 192 KiB (6 instances) L2 cache: 1.5 MiB (6 instances) L3 cahce: 9 MiB (1 instance) NUMA node(s): 1 NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-5 ``` > [作業要求](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2023-fibdrv/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2F%40sysprog%2Flinux2023-fibdrv-g) :::info - [x] 研讀上述 ==Linux 效能分析的提示== 描述,在自己的實體電腦運作 GNU/Linux,做好必要的設定和準備工作 $\to$ 從中也該理解為何不希望在虛擬機器中進行實驗; - [ ] 研讀上述費氏數列相關材料 (包含論文),摘錄關鍵手法,並思考 [clz / ctz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_first_set) 一類的指令對 Fibonacci 數運算的幫助。請列出關鍵程式碼並解說 - [ ] 複習 C 語言 [數值系統](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/c-numerics) 和 [bitwise operation](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/c-bitwise),思考 Fibonacci 數快速計算演算法的實作中如何減少乘法運算的成本; - [ ] 學習指出針對大數運算的加速運算和縮減記憶體操作成本的舉措,紀錄你的認知和疑惑 - [ ] 注意到 `fibdrv.c` 存在著 `DEFINE_MUTEX`, `mutex_trylock`, `mutex_init`, `mutex_unlock`, `mutex_destroy` 等字樣,什麼場景中會需要呢?撰寫多執行緒的 userspace 程式來測試,觀察 Linux 核心模組若沒用到 mutex,到底會發生什麼問題。嘗試撰寫使用 [POSIX Thread](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX_Threads) 的程式碼來確認。 $\to$ 搭配閱讀〈[並行和多執行緒程式設計](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/concurrency)〉 ::: --- ## 研讀 Linux 效能分析的提示與描述 根據[時間測量和效能分析](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2023-fibdrv/%2F%40sysprog%2Flinux2023-fibdrv-c)的敘述,我們可透過命令使 CPU 獨立使用,也可指定行程 (Process) 於特定 CPU 中執行。實作的方式參考 [CPU Isolation & CPU Affinity In Linux](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/cpu-isolation-affinity-linux-vinit-tirnagarwar) ,文中提到兩種方法: 1. 從開機時的 GNU Grub 目錄中操作,在開機後可使特定的 CPU 不被排程,直到下次重新開機為止 2. 開啟 /etc/default/grub 檔案,並新增以下內容。這種方法會永久更改 CPU 使用方式,直到使用者更動為止。 ```shell GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="isolcpus=2" ``` 此行將會使 2 號 CPU 在開機後獨立出來,號碼可根據個人需求做更改。接下來,輸入下列命令以更新 Grub ```shell $ sudo update-grub ``` 會看到下列輸出 ``` Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/init-select.cfg' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.19.0-35-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.19.0-35-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.19.0-32-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.19.0-32-generic Memtest86+ needs a 16-bit boot, that is not available on EFI, exiting Warning: os-prober will be executed to detect other bootable partitions. Its output will be used to detect bootable binaries on them and create new boot entries. Found Windows Boot Manager on /dev/nvme1n1p1@/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings ... done ``` 在終端機中輸入 `reboot` 重新開機後,再輸入命令 `taskset -p 1` 查詢編號 1 的行程使用的 CPU 編號 ``` ``` 由結果得知, 2 號 CUP 已被保留下來了。 除了限定 CPU 給特定的程式使用之外,還需要排除會影響效能分析的因素,根據提示輸入下列命令 * 抑制 [ASLR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization) ```shell sudo sh -c "echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space" ``` * 設定 scaling_governor 為 performance。在下列路徑中新增 `perfomance.sh` 檔案並寫入 ``` for i in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor do echo performance > ${i} done ``` 之後再用 `$ sudo sh performance.sh` 執行 * 針對 Intel 處理器,關閉 turbo mode ```shell $ sudo sh -c "echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/no_turbo" ``` * 關閉 [SMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading) ```shell $ sudo sh -c "echo off > /sys/devices/system/cpu/smt/control" ``` ### 為何不用虛擬機 (Virtual Machine) 進行實驗
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