## 字串的操作

string="my first"
print(string.upper())    #字串變大寫
string=string.upper()
print(string.isupper())    #判斷字串是否大寫(回傳bool值)

string2="my second"
print(string + string2)  #字串相加印出
print("string + string2")單純印出"string + string2"

#print(string[1])    #[x]位置 x=0,1,2...
#print(string.index("i"))    #找尋字串內項目的位置
#print(string.replace("my","your"))    #replcae "my" with "your"

## 數字與運算符號

from math import* #導入模組

number=10 #數字跟字串有區別
#print(10+3)
#print(8//3)     #整數除法(python預設都是浮點數)
#print(round(4.6))#四捨五入
#print(floor(4.6))    #不大於4.6的最大整數
#print(ceil(4.1))    #不小於4.1的最大整數

#number=str(number) #變字串\
#print(3+number) #會錯誤，數字跟字串不能相加

print(max(3,44,67,3,5,77,23)) #尋找最大值

## 列表list

a = ['apple','banana','orange'] #字串的串列
b = [1,2,3,4,5] #數字的串列
c = ['apple',1,2,3,['dog','cat']]   #也可以混在一起
print(type(a))

string="abc"
d=list()    #創建空list
D=[]   #創建空list
e=list(string)  #串列化 #如果為字串，會自動拆開成字元
print(e)    #["a","b","c"]
a.extend(b) #將串列連接起來
print(a)    #['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(b[0]) #讀取串列值,[index=0,1,2,3...]
print(b[-1])    #從後方開始算
print(b[:2:1])  #slice #從0取到index=1的位置，間隔為1 #注意[0:2]並不包括index=2

f=b #list複製
f[0]=2  
print(b)    #如果指接用f=b指派的方式，原本b也會一併被改變
print(f)    #print(b)==print(f)

g=b[:]  #後面加上[:]來複製list，不會更改到原本list
g[0]=99
print(g)   #[99, 2, 3, 4, 5] 
print(b)    #[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

b.append(99)   #在list後面增加()
print(b)    #[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 99]
b.insert(6,100) #insert(A,B)在index A插入B值
print(b)    #[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 99, 100]

del b[0]    #delete "特定index"
print(b)    #[2, 3, 4, 5, 99, 100]

b.remove(100)   #如果不知道index, remove delete"特定項目值"
print(b)    #[2, 3, 4, 5, 99]

num=b.pop(99)   #取出"特定項目值" (有回傳)
print(num)

## 元組tuple

tuple1=(30,44,25,13,1)
#元組 ->cannot be changed
#tuple[1]=12    #makes no change

list0=["a","b","c"]
tuple0=tuple(list0) #變成tuple
print(tuple0)
print(tuple0[0])    #print "a"
print(tuple0[1])    #print "b"
print(tuple0[2])    #print "c"

print(tuple0+tuple1)    #tuple合併 ('a', 'b', 'c', 30, 44, 25, 13, 1)
print(tuple1*3) #tuple內容重複n次(30, 44, 25, 13, 1, 30, 44, 25, 13, 1, 30, 44, 25, 13, 1)

## 集合set

fruits={"apple","grape","orange","orange"}  #set  by using big parenthesis  which is unordered,unindexed,no copied elements
print(fruits)  #print in random orders everytimes  and "orange" just present once

list0=[1,2,3,4,5]
tuple0=("a","b","c")
set0=set(list0) #變成set
set1=set(tuple0) #變成set

fruits.add("")  #set 中增加
fruits.remove("")   #從set中移出
fruits.clear()  #清空


vegatable={"tomato","corn"}
fruits.update(vegatable)  #結合兩個set\


food=fruits.union(vegatable)    #取聯集
print(food.difference(fruits))  #取差集,print tomato,corn
print(food.intersection(fruits)) #取交集 print fruit{}
print(food.symmetric_difference(fruits)) #取對稱差集