計算機實習
===

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
// 加這行就不用 #include <iostream> #include <vector> ...

1. 語法
* stringstream

         #include <sstream>

宣告字串串流

         stringstream ss;

舉例：

         string s = "a20b301c3";
         stringstream ss;
         ss << s; // 字串s丟到字串串流裡
         char c;
         int n;
         while(ss >> c >> n) {
         // 把字串串流(ss)丟到字元c以及字元n，直到不能不能丟為止
             cout << "mychar: " << c << endl;
             cout << "mynumber: " << n << endl;
         }

* 輸入含空格

        string s;
        while(getline(cin, s)) {
            cout << s << endl;
        }
        /*
        範例輸入
        ACACAC AC
        We are the champion
        lalala
        */

如果前面先輸入了其他東西，要避免getline讀到換行

        int n;
        string s;
        cin >> n;
        getline(cin, s);
        getline(cin, s);
        /*
        10
        nn cc uuuu
        */

* array

        int a[105] = {}; // 宣告 ＋ 初始化為 0
        int b[105][55] = {}; // 二維陣列
        int c[105][105][105] = {}; // 三維陣列

        void passArray(int a[]);
        void passArray2(int a[105][]); // 要給第一維的陣列大小

        // 陣列走訪
        for(int i = 0; i < 105; i++) {
            for(int j = 0; j < 55; j++) {
                cout << b[i][j] << " ";
            }
            cout << endl;
        }

* vector

         #include <vector>

         vector<int> v; // 宣告空的vector => v.size() == 0
         for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
             int in; cin >> in;
             v.push_back(in);
         } // push back完 v.size() == 10
         vector<int> v2(10);
         for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
             cin >> v[i];
         }

* ctime

        #include <ctime>
        int main() {
            time_t now = time(0);
            tm *ltm = localtime(&now);
            cout << "year: " <<  1900 + ltm->tm_year << endl;
            cout << "month: " <<  1 + ltm->tm_mon << endl;
            cout << "day: " <<  ltm->tm_mday << endl;
            cout << "time: " << ltm->tm_hour << endl;
            cout << ltm->tm_min << endl;
            cout << ltm->tm_sec << endl;
        }

* 亂數

        srand(time(0));
        cout << rand() % 5 << endl; // 可能是 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

* 指標

        int a = 10;
        int *p = &a;
        // &a a的位址
        cout << p << " " << *p << endl;

* reference

        int a = 10;
        int &b = a; // 你懂的
        b += 5;
        cout << a << " " << b << endl;
        
2. 好玩的class

class matrix { // 預設private
public:
matrix(int); // 建構子
friend istream &operator>> (istream &, matrix);

}

     
9. debug list
    * 超出陣列範圍

vector<int> v(10);
cout << v[10]; // :((