# High School - English Grammer :memo:

[TOC]

## Credits :pray:
:::info
This content is purely created for educational purpose and for future referance and credits belongs to below content creators.

- High School English Grammer and Composition by Wren & Martin [revised by Dr N.D.V.PRASADA RAO](https://www.amazon.in/School-English-Grammar-Composition-Regular/dp/9352530144)
- Youtube Vidoes - [YET:Your English Tutor](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXyOjolbsnPs9-QR8aEuuUQ)
- Learn English - [BritishCouncil](https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org)
- hackmd community - [hackmd](https://hackmd.io)
:::

## SENTENCES
==Group of words== together, which makes ==complete sense== is called at Sentence.

### Kinds of Sentences

- Sentence that make statements or assertions called as ==Declarative== or ==Assertive== sentences
- Sentence that asks a question is called as ==Interrogative== sentence
- Sentence that ==express a command== or ==an entreaty== or ==request== called as ==Imperative== sentense
- Sentence that expresses ==strong feeling== is called an ==Exclamatory== sentence
### Basic Sentence Structure
- Subject + Verb + Object(optional)
- Subject + Verb + Preposition Object
- Subject + HelpingVerb (Link verb) + Subject Compliment

#### Roles - Noun and Pronoun
- Subject
- Object
- Preposition Object
- Subject Compliment

### Sentence Parsing

- Find the verb (main/helping) in the sentence
- Find if it is active or passive
- Find the subject in the sentence
- Find the object/subject Compliment/Object of Preposition in the sentence
- Find the preposition in sentence

#### Examples: :writing_hand:

| Sentence | Type |
| -------- | -------- |
| Ba ba black sheep | Declarative |
| have you any wool? | Interrogative |
| Yes sir | Imperative |
| Be quite | Imperative |
| How cold the night is? | Exclamatory |

## ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SPEECH
## SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
## THE PHRASE AND THE CLAUSE
## PARTS OF SPEECH
## NOUNS

A Noun is word used as name of the person, place or thing
:::info
**Thing** can used to mean anything which we can think of
:::

### Types of Nouns
Nouns are broardly classified into below nouns
- Proper Noun
- Common Noun
- Collective Noun
- Materialist Noun
- Abstract Noun

### Common Noun

A ==common noun== is a name given to every person or thing of the same class or kind.

### Proper Noun

Proper means one's own. Hence a Proper Name is a person's own name.
A ==Proper Noun== is the name of some person or place.
- Proper Nouns are always written in a capital letters in beginning
- Proper Nouns are sometimes used as common Nouns too

### Collective Noun

A ==Collective Noun== is the name of a number of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.

- Crowd, mob, team, flock, herd, army, fleet, jury, committee, family, nation, parliment.

| Collective Noun | Meaning |
| -- | -- |
| a fleet | collection of ships or vessels |
| an army | Collection of soldiers |
| a crowd | Collection of people |

### Examples
==Proper Noun== are highlighted
**Common Noun** are marked in bold
- ==sita== is a good **girl**
- ==Hari== is a good **boy**
- ==Kolkata== is a famous **city**
- ==India== is a big **Country**
- He was the **lukman** (the wisest man) of his age
- ==Kalidas== is often called the **Shaskespeare** (greatest dramatist) of india

Collective Noun:
- The ==Jury== has acquitted the prisoner
- A ==herd== of cattle is grazing in the lawn

### Abstract Noun

A ==abstract== noun is a usually name of quality considered apart from the object which it belongs;as
- love, happiness, kindness etc.

### Uncountable and countable

## VERBS

Verbs basically describes
- An action
- talk about something that happens

Verbs take different forms based on their subjects and time they refer to and other ideas we want to express

Also verbs in English has four basic parts

- Base form / Present tense
- ing form / Present participle
- Past tense / Past tense
- Past participle

Verbs are broadly classified as

- Regular
Regular verbs have a past tense and past participle with "-ed"

| Base form | -ing form | Past tense | Past participle |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| work | working | worked | worked
| play | playing | played | played

- Irregular

Some of the irregular verbs are as below

| Base Form | Past tense | Past participle |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| be | was/were | been |
| build | building | built | built
| eat | eating | ete | eaten
| cost | cost | cost | cost
| rise | rose | risen

### Verb Phrases

Verb phrases are diffrent combinations of verb used in past, present and furture tenses.

### Helping verbs

Helping verb is used with a main verb to help express the main verb's tense, mood and voice.

| Family | Present | Past | Past particle |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Be Family | am,is,are,be | was,were | been, being
| Have Family | has,have | had | has,have
| Do Family | does, do | did | done

### Model verbs

| Present | Past |
| -------- | -------- |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| will | would |
| shall | should |

### Verb Combinations :lower_left_ballpoint_pen:

1. Main verb
:::info
**subject + verb + object/subject compliment**
:::
Common Usage: ==present tense/past tense==
Examples: :writing_hand:

| Sentence | Tense |
| -------- | -------- |
| *I ==eat== an apple* | present tense |
| *we ==are== here* | present tense |
| *Everybody ==saw== the accident* | past tense |
| *We ==laughed==* | past tense |

2. Helping verb(Be family) + Main verb + -ing form (Present participle form)
:::info
**subject + (Be-family helping verb) + (verb-ing form) + object**
:::
Common Usage: **present continous tense, past continous tense**
eg: *Ram ==is ironing== the shirt*
3. Helping verb + Main verb Past participle form
eg: *I ==eat== an apple*
4. Model verb + Main verb

5. Helping verb (has/have) + Main verb Present participle form (-ing form)

6. Model verb + helping verb(be, have, been) + Main verb Present participle form (-ing form)

7. Helping verb (**be form**) + Main verb Present participle form (-ing form)

8. Helping verbs **do** and **did** with the **infinitive** for **emphasis**

9. Helping verbs **do** for **polite invitations**

### Present Tense

#### Present Indefinite :+1:

There are two types of sentences which defines Present Indefinte.

##### Present Indefinite - 1 :+1:
- when the statement is Declarative, we will use Be family helping verbs as the main verbs, also called as ==**Linkage verbs**==
:::info
Subject + is/am/are + object
:::
- Object of above statement is also called as ==**Subject-Compliment**==

###### Examples: :writing_hand:

- Apple ==is== Red
- Ram ==is== a good boy
- This ==is== blue pen
- He ==is== a solider
- Girls ==are== funny
- I ==am== busy
- you ==are== beautiful
- Unicorns ==are== wonderful

##### Present Indefinite - 2 :+1:
- when the statement doesnt have time specified

:::info
subject +verb(s) + object
:::

| Subject | Indefinit-1 | Indefinit-2 |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| He/She/This/That/It | is | verb+s |
| Singular Nouns | is | verb+s |
| I | are | verb |
| We/you/They/Those/these | are | verb |
| Plural Nouns | are | verb |

##### Examples:
- Mrs Sowmya ==teaches== maths and science
- The volcano ==erupts== with lava

#### Present Continous :+1:

:::info
Subject + Be-Family + verb-ing + object
- is/am/are - Present continous
- was/were - Past continous
:::

##### Examples: :writing_hand:
- Ramya and Swetha ==are going== to the park
- The rabbit ==is digging== a burrow
- I ==am having== some problem with my throat
- Hamid ==is watching== the bird fly
- The juggler ==is throwing== the bottles
- Rohan ==is planning== a sunday pinic
- Vanya ==is reading== a book
- All my friends ==are enjoying== the party
- The girl ==is dancing== in the rain
- Everybody ==is== watching.
- We ==were== laughing.

#### Present Perfect :+1:

:::info
Subject + has/have + 3rd Form-verb + object ➜ Present Perfect
Subject + had + 3rd Form-verb + object ➜ Past Perfect
:::

##### Examples: :writing_hand:

| Example | Tense |
| ----------------- |:----------------------- |
| They ==have enjoyed== themselves. | Present Perfect |
| Everybody ==has worked== hard. | Persent Perfect |
| He ==had finished== work. | Past Perfect |
| We ==have been== to Kashmir many times | Past Perfect |

#### Present Perfect Continous

:::info
Subject + has/have + been + verb-ing + object
:::

##### Examples: :writing_hand:

| Example | Tense |
| ----------------- |:----------------------- |
| Everybody ==has been working== hard.| Persent Perfect continous(singular)|
| We ==have been going== to Kashmir since my childhood | Present Perfect Continous(Plural)|
| He ==had been going== to Kashmir since my childhood | Past Perfect Continous(Singular)|

### Past Tense
### Future Tense
### Summary Table

#### Verb family table

| Family | Present | Past | Past particle |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| ==Be Family== | ==am,is,are,be== | ==was,were== | ==been, being==|
| Have Family | has,have | had | has,have|
| Do Family | does, do | did | done|

#### Tense Structue table

| Column 1 | Present Tense | Past Tense | Future Tense |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Indefinite-1 | Sub+==(is/am/are)==+Obj | Sub+==(was/were)==+Obj | Sub+==will be==+Obj |
| Indefinite-2 | Sub+==verb-1==+Obj | Sub+==verb-2==+Obj | Sub+==will + Verb-1==+Obj |
| Continous | Sub+==(is/am/are) + verb-ing==+Obj | Sub+==(was/were) + verb-ing==+Obj | Sub+==will be+ Verb-ing==+Obj |
| Perfect | Sub+==(has/have) + verb-3==+Obj | Sub+==had + verb-3==+Obj | Sub+==will have + Verb-3==+Obj |
| Perfect Continous | Sub+==(has/have) been + verb-ing==+Obj | Sub+==had been + verb-ing==+Obj | Sub+==will have been+ Verb-ing==+Obj |